Genetic Study of the Paleolithic and Neolithic Southeast Asians

DNA samples were extracted from six prehistoric human remains, found on the Malay Peninsula, dating to the Paleolithic and the Neolithic periods. Nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA were determined by the polymerase chain reaction–direct sequencing method. A phylogenetic tree between prehistoric and present humans was constructed based on the nucleotide sequence data. Mitochondrial DNA phylogenetic relationships and ethnoarchaeological evidence suggest that there is a continuity beetween the pre-Neolithic humans and the present Semang and that the Neolithic humans in this area might be an ancestral group of the Senoi

Associations amongst Unlinked Autosomal STR Loci in the Mlabri and the Other Hill Tribes

<p>Probability values of the likelihood ratio test of association versus no association for nine unlinked autosomal STR loci in the Mlabri and six other hill tribes (average probability over the 36 pairs of loci in parentheses).</p

Number of Founding Individuals in the Mlabri, Given No mtDNA Diversity

<p>Posterior probability distribution for the number of founding individuals <i>(k),</i> conditioned on the observation of no diversity in a sample of 58 mtDNA sequences and the time since the founding event. The prior probability is indicated by the dashed black line.</p

Time to the Most Recent Common Ancestor for mtDNA and Y-STR Types for the Mlabri and the Other Hill Tribes

<p>Posterior probability distribution of the time back to the most recent common ancestor for the mtDNA (A) and Y-STR haplotype (B) data for the Mlabri and six other hill tribes.</p

Genetic Diversity in the Mlabri and Other Hill Tribes

<p>Genetic diversity based on mtDNA HV1 sequences, Y-STR haplotypes, and autosomal STR (A-STR) genotypes in the Mlabri, compared to the average genetic diversity for six other hill tribes. The haplotype diversity is indicated for the mtDNA and Y-STR data, while the average heterozygosity is indicated for the autosomal STR loci.</p