Odds Ratios for plasma IL-6 levels for <i>O. viverrini</i> infected individuals with¹ and without Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA)².

1<p>Individual without CCA are the controls from the case-control study in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001654#pntd-0001654-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>, that is, <i>O. viverrini</i> infected individuals who are negative for Advanced Periductal Fibrosis (APF) by ultrasound and were age, sex, and nearest-neighbor matched with APF positive individuals (see <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001654#pntd-0001654-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>).</p>2<p>CCA cases were from the biological repository of the Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.</p>3<p>Individuals with undetectable levels of plasma IL-6 concentration are used as the reference group in Quartile 1.</p>4<p>Odds Ratio.</p>5<p>95% Confidence Interval.</p>6<p>Models were adjusted for age and sex simultaneously.</p>7<p>Not Available.</p

Plasma IL-6 concentrations can be used to detect individuals with Opisthorchis-induced advanced periductal fibrosis.

<p>A receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve plots the True Positive Probability (sensitivity) against the False Negative Probability (1– specificity) for the full range of IL-6 cut-off points for the detection of Opisthorchis-induced Advanced Periductal Fibrosis (APF) as determined by ultrasound. The area under the ROC curve is interpreted as the probability of correctly identifying (accuracy) a randomly selected participant as either a case (APF positive) or a non-case (APF negative). The 45-degree line in the graph subsumes an area equal to 0.50 (50%), which is equivalent to using a coin toss procedure to classify participants as either cases or controls. As determined by this ROC curve, the optimal cutpoint is 11 pg/mL of plasma IL-6, which refers to the concentration that maximizes the “sensitivity” and the “specificity” of classifying an individual at APF positive. Based on this cutoff point, the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and the Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of plasma IL-6 concentration to detect APF was also determined (see <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001654#pntd-0001654-t004" target="_blank">Table 4</a>). All analyses were performed using Stata version 10 (College Station, TX). The ROC was derived from 210 <i>O. viverrini</i> infected individuals with Advanced Periductal Fibrosis as determined by ultrasound (gold standard) versus 210 age, sex, and nearest neighbor-matched controls (<i>O. viverrini</i> infected but negative for APF.)</p

Odds Ratios for plasma IL-6 levels for <i>O. viverrini</i> infected individuals with and without Advanced Periductal Fibrosis.

1<p>Individuals with undetectable levels of plasma IL-6 concentration are used as the reference group in Quartile 1.</p>2<p>Odds Ratio.</p>3<p>95% Confidence Interval.</p>4<p>Models were adjusted for age and sex simultaneously.</p>5<p>Not Available.</p

Plasma IL-6 levels are significantly elevated in individuals with Opisthorchis-induced APF and Opisthorchis-induced CCA.

<p>The distribution of plasma concentration of Interleukin (IL)-6) in picograms per milliliter is shown in boxplots by study group. The bottom and top of each box represent the 25th and 75th percentile (the lower and upper quartiles, respectively) of IL-6 concentration in plasma per group. The band near the middle of each box represents the median value of IL-6 concentration per group. The whiskers represent the minimum (bottom) and maximum (top) of IL-6 concentration per group.</p

Descriptive statistics for cases and controls used in the current study.

1<p>Non-endemic control” refers to age-matched Thai individuals who have never resided in an area with <i>O. viverrini</i> transmission.</p>2<p>A control refers to an <i>O. viverrini</i>-infected individual who is age, sex, and nearest neighbor matched to a “case” but are negative for Advanced Periductal Fibrosis.</p>3<p>A case refers to <i>O. viverrini</i> infected individual who is positive for Advanced Periductal Fibrosis.</p>4<p>A case in this column refers to an individual with histologically proven <i>O. viverrini</i> associated cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) from the biological repository of the Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.</p

The diagnostic utility of plasma Interleukin (IL)-6 levels for Opisthorchis-induced pathologies.

1<p>Age, sex, and nearest-neighbor matched individuals, who were positive for <i>O. viverrini</i> infection and negative for APF as determined by ultrasound (US) were included in the analyses and shown as controls in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001654#pntd-0001654-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p>2<p>Sensitivity.</p>3<p>Specificity.</p>4<p>Accuracy of the test or the area under the Receiver-Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001654#pntd-0001654-g002" target="_blank">Figures 2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001654#pntd-0001654-g003" target="_blank">3</a>.</p>5<p>Positive Predictive Value.</p>6<p>Negative Predictive Value.</p>7<p><i>O. viverrini</i> infected individuals with Advanced Periductal Fibrosis as determined by US and shown as cases in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001654#pntd-0001654-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p>8<p>Plasma samples from histologically confirmed Opisthorchis-induced cholangiocarcinoma from the Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.</p