Morphologic and AFLP analysis of relationships between tulip species Tulipa biebersteiniana (Liliaceae)

In populations of four species of tulips (Tulipa biebersteiniana, T. patens, T. scytica and T. riparia) from the Volgograd, Kurgansk, Orenburg, and Chelyabinsk regions and the Republic of Bashkortostan, genetic diversity was studied by means of morphological and AFLP analysis. A morphological analysis of seven quantitative and two qualitative criteria was carried out. Three selective EcoRI/MseI primer pairs allowed one to genotype 81 individuals from 13 tulip populations with 87 loci. The low level of variability by AFLP loci were revealed in all species, including T. biebersteiniana (P = 20. 41%, UHe = 0. 075), T. patens (26. 97%, 0. 082), T. scytica (27. 53%, 0. 086), and T. riparia (27. 72%, 0. 096). According to the AMOVA results, the variability proportion that characterizes the differences between the four Tulip species was lower (FCT = 0. 235) than between populations within species (FST = 0. 439). Tulipa patens is well differentiated by means of Nei's distances, coordination, and analysis in the STRUCTURE program. An analysis in the STRUCTURE revealed four genetic groups of tulips that are not completely in accordance with the analyzed species. This acknowledges the presence of complicated genetic process in the tulip population. © 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

The chemistry of stabilised sulphonium ylides

The review is devoted to the chemistry of stabilised sulphonium ylides, i. e. ylides with substituents at the carbanionic carbon atom capable of delocalising its negative charge. The physical properties of compounds of this class are examined and the methods of synthesis of stabilised sulphonium ylides, their rearrangements, and their reactions with electrophiles and nucleophiles are described. The structures and reactivities of the complexes of stabilised sulphonium ylides with transition metals and their organometallic derivatives are considered. The practical applications of the stabilised sulphonium ylides are indicated. © 1981 IOP Publishing Ltd

The reactivity of 1, 3, 2-diheterophosphacyclanes containing a pentacoordinate phosphorus atom

Studies on the reactivity of λ5-1, 3, 2-diheterophosphacyclanes obtained during the last ten years are examined and described systematically. Data concerning new prototropic and elementotropic processes involving derivatives of pentacoordinate phosphorus are presented. Attention has been concentrated on the elucidation of the influence of the incorporation of a phosphorus(V) atom in the ring on the reactivity of phosphoranes in reactions of various types. The role of phosphorus(V) compounds as intermediates in reactions of phosphorus compounds involving different types of coordination of the phosphorus atom is demonstrated. © 1985 IOP Publishing Ltd

N-alkylation of dimethylaniline using 1,3,2-oxaphosphalenes

2,2,2-Trimethoxy-3,5-diphenyl-4-benzoyl-1,3,2-oxazaphospholene has alkylating properties toward dimethylaniline. © 1980 Plenum Publishing Corporation

Structure of reaction products of acetoacetic ester p-dimethylaminoanil with trimethyl phosphite and Tri(dimethylamino)phosphine

Tri(dimethylamino)phosphine and trimethyl phosphite react with the p-dimethylaminoanil of acetoacetic ester to give 1:1 bipolar adducts with a P-N bond. © 1979 Plenum Publishing Corporation

β-Keto phosphonic esters - Communication 5. Structures of the products of the reaction of some α-halo ketones of the carbocyclic series with triethyl phosphite and sodium diethyl phosphite

1. On the basis of chemical and spectrographic data it was shown that the product of the action of sodium diethyl phosphite on 2-chlorocyclopentanone is diethyl 1,2-epoxycyclopentylphosphonate. The product of the action of sodium diethyl phosphite on 2 -bromocyelohexanone is a mixture of 1-cyclohexen-1-yl diethyl phosphate and diethyl 1,2-epoxycyclohexylphosphonate. 2. The products of the action of sodium diethyl phosphite and of triethyl phosphite on 2-chloro-2-methyl-cyclohexanone consist of diethyl 2-methyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl phosphate; the product of the action of triethyl phosphite on 3-bromo-3-methyl-2-butanone is diethyl isopropenyl phosphate. 3. The product of the action of sodium diethyl phosphite on 3-bromocamphor is the corresponding mixed phosphoric ester. © 1961 Consultants Bureau Enterprises, Inc

Action of diethyl phosphite on p-benzoquinone and 1,4-naphthoquinone

The addition of diphenyl phosphite to p-benzoquinone and to 1,4-naphthoquinone in presence of sodium alkoxide led to the formation of diethyl p-hydroxyphenyl phosphate and diethyl 4-hydroxy-1-naphthyl phosphate, respectively. © 1961 Consultants Bureau Enterprises Inc

β-Keto phosphonic esters Communication 3. Structures of the products of the reaction of some halo ketones with triethyl phosphite and with sodium diethyl phosphite

1. Reaction of triethyl phosphite with chloro- and bromo-acetones* and 1-bromo-2-butanone gives the corresponding β-keto phosphonic esters. 2. The products obtained by methylating the potassium derivatives of diethyl acetonylphosphonate and of diethyl 1-methylacetonylphosphonate with methyl iodide are sB-keto phosphonic esters. 3. Reaction of sodium diethyl phosphite with chloro- and bromo-acetones and 3~bromo-2-butanone gives epoxy phosphonic esters. The structures of these were proved by confirmatory synthesis and by analysis of their Raman spectra. 4. In spite of Kreutzkamp and Kayser's results, reaction of sodium diethyl phosphite with chloro- or bromoacetone does not give an unsaturated ester (diethyl isopropenyl phosphate); the products are diethyl epoxy-1-methylethylphosphonate and diethyl acetonylphosphonate. 5. The product of the reaction of 5-chloro-2-pentanone with sodium diethyl phosphite is diethyl tetrahydro2-methyl-2-furylphosphonate. © 1959 Consultants Bureau Inc

β-Keto phosphonic esters - Communication 10. Diethyl 2-oxocyclopentylphosphonate

1. The reaction of 2-chlorocyclopentanone with triethyl phosphite leads to the formation of 1-cyclopenten-1-yl diethyl phosphate. 2. By the addition of phosphorus pentachloride to ethoxycyclopentene, and treatment of the intermediate complex with sulfur dioxide, we obtained 2-ethoxy-1-cyclopenten-1-ylphosphonic dichloride, which was converted into diethyl 2-ethoxy-1-cyclopenten-1-ylphosphonate. Hydrolysis of the ester gave diethyl 2-oxocyclopentylphosphonate. 3. Bromine titration of diethyl 2-oxocyclopentylphosphonate showed that it is enolized only to a slight extent (about 5%), The occurrence of enolization was confirmed by the ultraviolet spectra of the ester in hexane solution. © 1962 Consultants Bureau Enterprises, Inc

Reaction of S-benzyl-substituted sulfonium ylids of dimedon with triphenylphosphine and tris(dimethylamino)phosphine

1. S-Benzyl-substituted sulfonium ylids of dimedon are dealkylated by triphenylphosphine and tris(dimethylamino) phosphine to give phosphonium salts that are stabilized by etiolate anion. 2. Migration of the phenyl group to the phosphorus atom is not observed when 2-benzylphenylsulfuranylidenedimedon is reacted with triphenylphosphine or tris(dimethylamino)phosphine. In the case of 2-benzyl-methylsulfuranylidenedimedon the migration of the benzyl group is predominant in the reaction with triphenyl-phosphine, while only the methyl group migrates in the reaction with tris(dimethylamino)phosphine. © 1978 Plenum Publishing Corporation