76 research outputs found
HistoloŔke metode u proceni efekata hrane na morfologiju creva i jetre riba
This manuscript describes the importance of using histological methods to assess the effects of feed on the liver and intestine of fish. Due to the constantly increasing world production of fish and other aquatic organisms, it is necessary to replace fishmeal and fish oil in diets with less expensive raw materials of plant origin. Due to the increased fiber content, increased presence of carbohydrates, antinutritional factors, and inappropriate content of amino acids and new compounds can have negative effects on the digestive system of fish and therefore on fitness, health and production characteristics of cultivated fish. The liver and intestines are the most important organs for the digestion and absorption of nutrients from feed. Therefore, monitoring histological structure of fish liver and intestine is the method of choice in assessing the effects of nutrient mixtures that use raw materials of plant origin. For both of these vital organs the normal histological structure and the most important results obtained by research are discussed. This paper presents a critical review of the histological methods used in research on feed effects. Results related to the negative effects of raw soy-based feed on the occurrence of enteritis in carnivorous fish species are discussed. The results point out that use of modern approach in fish pathology such as improved histochemical, stereological, scoring, and other analytical methods could be a beneficial approach in an accurate assessment of new feed effects on fish.U radu je prikazan znaÄaj upotrebe histoloÅ”kih metoda u proceni efekata hrane na jetru i crevo riba. Usled konstantno rastuÄe svetske proizvodnje riba i drugih vodenih organizama pokazalo se neophodnim da se riblje braÅ”no i riblje ulje u hranljivim smeÅ”ama sve viÅ”e zamenjuju manje skupim sirovinama biljnog porekla. Zbog poveÄanog sadržaja vlakana, poveÄanog prisustva ugljenih hidrata i antinutricionih faktora, te neodgovarajuÄeg sadržaja amino kiselina u ovim sirovinama delovanje novih smeÅ”a može negativno da utiÄe na digestivni sistem riba a time i na kondiciju, zdravstveno stanje i proizvodne karakteristike gajenih riba. BuduÄi da su jetra i creva najvažniji organi u procesu varenja i apsorpcije hranljivih materija iz hrane, praÄenje histoloÅ”ke graÄe jetre i creva riba je metoda izbora pri proceni efekata hranljivih smeÅ”a u kojima se koriste sirovine biljnog porekla. Za oba pomenuta vitalna organa je prikazana normalna histoloÅ”ka graÄa i najvažniji rezultati dobijeni u istraživanjima autora i iz literaturnih izvora. U radu je dat kritiÄki osvrt na histoloÅ”ke metode koje se koriste u ovoj vrsti istraživanja i na najvažnije dobijene rezultate. Posebna pažnja je posveÄena negativnom delovanju sirovina na bazi soje koje uzrokuju pojavu enteritisa kod karnivornih vrsta riba. Ukazuje se i na moguÄnosti unapreÄenja metodologije procene efekata hrane koriÅ”Äenjem savremenih pristupa u patohistoloÅ”kim istraživanjima kao Å”to su unapreÄene histohemijske, stereoloÅ”ke i druge metode
Semiintensive capr (Cyprinus carpio, L) production: Type of sustainable fishery
Semiintensive carp production is based on two sources of food for fish proteins that are present in live food and carbohydrates that are provided from additional feeds. By consumption of secondary producers (zooplankton and bottom fauna) nutrients, main causer of water ecosystem eutrophication (phosphorus and nitrogen) is utilized. Unused nutrients (inorganic or organic compounds) are settled at the pond's bottom and through application of agrotechnical measures (natural drainage, winter killing, disking) fertility of the pond's bottom is increased. Semiintensive carp production based on live food as the main protein source fits into the concept of sustainable agriculture
Preferenca Trihodinida (Ciliata, Peritrichia) detektovanih na ribnjaÄkom Å”aranu prema pojedinim organima i neke morfoloÅ”ke implikacije
The present study describes the preference of Trichodinids for skin or gills of fish-pond carp. Differences in localization of trichodinids were analysed by the Mann-Whitney U and c2 tests. For histological examination gills were fixed in 4% formaldehyde and processed using standard techniques. Trichodinella epizootica and T. subtilis parasitised exclusively gills. The occurrence of Trichodina acuta was far more frequent on the skin and that preference appeared to be statistically significant. Trichodina nobilis was found on both skin and gills with a significant preference for skin Trichodina nigra was found on both target organs. Trichodinella epizootica damaged the gill epithelia and induced enforced mucous secretion.U ovom radu su izneti rezultati ispitivanja preference nekih trihodinida prema koži ili Å”krgama ribnjaÄkog Å”arana. Razlika u lokalizaciji analizirana je uz pomoÄ Mann-Whitney U i c2 testa. Za histoloÅ”ka ispitivanja Å”krge su fiksirane u 4% formaldehidu i dalje preparovane standardnim tehnikama. Trichodinella epizootica i T. subtilis parazitiraju iskljuÄivo na Å”krgama. Prisustvo vrste Trichodina acuta je statistiÄki znaÄajno ÄeÅ”Äe na koži nego na Å”krgama. Trichodina nobilis je statistiÄki znaÄajno viÅ”e zastupljena na koži nego na Å”krgama, dok je vrsta Trichodina nigra prisutna u sliÄnom procentu na oba organa. UtvrÄeno je da vrsta Trichodinella epizootica oÅ”teÄuje Å”kržni epitel i uzrokuje pojaÄanu sekreciju mukusa
Histologija creva i promene u visini enterocita kod dužiÄaste pastrmke (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) gajene u kaveznom sistemu
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) was grown in cages (water reservoirs 'BoÄac', Bosnia and Herzegovina) in two separate experiments for a period of 90 days (autumn - winter and spring - summer). Trout were fed six different feed formulations and studied their influence on rainbow trout intestine histology. Normal histological structure of this part of the digestive system was found. The results showed that with water temperature and feed quantity decrease, the height of enterocytes increases; while with increase of water temperature and amount of food given to the fish, the average height of enterocytes decreased.DužiÄasta pastrmka (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) je gajena u kaveznom sistemu (akumulacija 'BoÄac', Bosna i Hercegovina) u dva odvojena eksperimenta u trajanju od po 90 dana (ciklus jesen - zima i ciklus proleÄe - leto). Pastrmke su hranjene sa Å”est razliÄitih hrana i prouÄavan je uticaj hrane na histologiju creva. U svim uzorcima naÄena je normalna histoloÅ”ka slika ovog dela digestivnog sistema. Rezultati su pokazali da kada temperatura vode i koliÄina hrane pada, visina enterocita se poveÄava, dok je u suprotnom sluÄaju, kada se temperatura vode i koliÄina davane hrane poveÄava, proseÄna visina enterocita opada
Two Age Groups of Adult Pikeperch ( Sander lucioperca ) as Bioindicators of Aquatic Pollution
Pikeperch of age classes 3+ and 4+ were collected from the GaraŔi reservoir (Serbia) to analyze their bioindicator potential and compare their possible differences. Concentrations of 26 elements were determined in gills, muscles, and liver by inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and of 17 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and six polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in muscle by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). Histopathological changes in the liver and gills were analyzed as biomarkers of general fish health. Only the concentrations of Cd, Na, and P in the muscles differed significantly. The OCPs and PCBs concentrations were below the detection limits, so fish meat consumption does not pose a risk concerning these substances. Hg and Cd exceeded the maximum allowed concentrations in some 4+ individuals, probably due to biomagnification. Gills were the most affected by metal exposure in both age classes. Histopathological changes and indices were minor and did not differ significantly between age classes, suggesting that pollution did not affect the morphology and structure of gills and liver. There were no significant correlations between elemental accumulation and fish condition or between histopathological scores. Therefore, both age classes can be used as bioindicators of pollution
Multidisciplinary Approach in the Implementation of ATL Methods in Teaching of Animal Sciences I. Presentation of Scenarios
One of the problems Serbian HE faces is summing up of knowledge thaught in different courses and its application in real life by professional decision making. In order to give an example of possibilities of interactive teaching methodology and contribute to the transformation of students from knowledge recipients to knowledge co-constructors, a set of scenarios for a multidisciplinary approach in teaching/learning is presented. The set consists of 4 scenarios for knowledge refreshment followed by a final workshop ā a debate similar to the real life situation. A multidisciplinary approach to the topic of aquaculture development, water and fish quality in aquaculture is presented in this case. By participating interactive classes and a debate, 4 year students in animal sciences work in groups to exercise solving problems, to make professional decision, and develop other professional and generic skills. This paper presents the result of the process of development o scenarios for such exercise and results of the exercise will be presented in another paper (Part 2)
Edible snail farming in Serbia: Present and future
Snail farming is a type of sustainable animal production, which could become an important source of incomes for the country, and prevent further exhaustion of natural snail populations. It has raised considerable public attention in Serbia. There are over 350 newly registered snail farms that have started production in the past couple of years. The idea of snail farming in Serbia is strongly and erroneously influenced by media, often presented as an low investment cycle, low manpower, and a very advantageous side activity. On the other hand export of snails collected from natural populations has been very profitable in the past decade despite the economic blockade of the country during the 90s. In this paper, beginnings of snail farming in Serbia, problems of investments, production and protection technology, and marketing are discussed. The need of regulation is pointed out
Principi procene dobrobiti riba u farmskim uslovima gajenja
For several decades fish welfare has been subject of many researches, and the interest for this subject is connected with the fact that fish can feel pain and suffering. In addition to this stressors' mechanisms of action and their consequences are similar in mammals and fish. Assessment of welfare for farmed fish is based on the same principles as for terrestrial farm animals. However, special methods of collecting data are needed due to morphological characteristics of fish and properties of their environment. In the world and in our country, researches of different ways of fish welfare assessment are being conducted, especially based on non-invasive techniques such as monitoring of behaviour. In this paper a review of basic principles and methods used in assessment of farmed fish welfare is given.Dobrobit riba je veÄ nekoliko decenija predmet brojnih istraživanja, a zainteresovanost za ovu temu povezana je sa Äinjenicom da ribe mogu da oseÄaju bol i patnju. Osim toga, mehanizmi i posledice delovanja stresora kod riba vrlo su sliÄni onima kod sisara. Procena nivoa dobrobiti kod farmski uzgajanih riba zasniva se na istim principima kao kod kopnenih farmskih životinja. MeÄutim, voda kao životna sredina riba i njihove morfoloÅ”ke specifiÄnosti zahtevaju posebne metode prikupljanja podataka. U svetu i kod nas se istražuju razliÄiti naÄini procene dobrobiti riba, naroÄito oni koji se zasnivaju na neinvazivnim postupcima, kao Å”to je praÄenje ponaÅ”anja. U ovom radu dat je prikaz osnovnih principa i metoda koji se koriste u proceni dobrobiti farmski gajenih riba
MiÅ”ljenje potroÅ”aÄa o uticaju uslova gajenja i stresa na kvalitet ribljeg mesa
Dobrobit farmskih životinja predstavlja veoma aktuelnu temu u svetu, Äemu je doprinelo inteziviranje proizvodnje i uoÄavanje povezanosti izmeÄu uslova gajenja i pojave zdravstvenih, reproduktivnih i drugih problema. āDobrobitā i āstresā su povezani i meÄusobno uslovljeni kod svih životinja, pa i riba. Iako su ribe veoma specifiÄne veÄ samim tim Å”to žive u vodenoj sredini, dokazana je podudarnost sa kopnenim kiÄmenjacima po pitanju fiziologije stresa i njegovih posledica po zdravlje, produktivnost i kvalitet mesa. NajznaÄajniju ulogu u tome ima kvalitet životne sredine i hrane. TakoÄe, dokazano je da ribe mogu da oseÄaju bol, strah i patnju koje, pre svega uzrokuju postupci pri uzgoju, transportu i klanju.
U cilju dobijanja podataka o informisnosti javnosti u Srbiji o osnovnim Äinjenicama vezanim za uslove gajenja, stres i dobrobit riba anketirano je 235 punoletnih, sluÄajno izabranih lica. U radu je prikazan deo rezultata koji se odnose na povezanost uslova gajenja i kvalitet mesa riba. StatistiÄka analiza odgovora izvrÅ”ena je uz pomoÄ hi-kvadrat testa.
Približno 91% ispitanika znalo je da kvalitet mesa ribe zavisi od kvaliteta vode u kojoj riba živi, odnosno od kvaliteta hrane koju koristi (90%). Gotovo polovina je smatrala da zna i naÄin na koji voda i hrana deluju na kvalitet mesa riba. O uticaju stresa, kao i naÄina na koji je riba usmrÄena potpunu informaciju imao je najmanji deo anketiranih (22,98%, odnosno 25,96%), dok su neÅ”to veÄem procentu anketiranih te Äinjenice bile poznate, ali ne i naÄin delovanja. Veliki broj anketiranih izjasnio se da zna da ribe mogu da oseÄaju bol (72,77%), strah (70,21%) i patnju (44,68%), a ove emocije je 66,33% povezalo sa postupcima u toku uzgoja, transporta i klanja.
Na poznavanje efekta kvaliteta vode, hrane i stresa na kvalitet mesa ribe znaÄajno je uticalo obrazovanja ispitanika (p lt 0,001) tj. veÄe znanje su pokazali ispitanici sa viÅ”im nivoom obrazovanja. Na poznavanje efekta kvaliteta hrane na sliÄan naÄin je uticala i visina primanja (p=0,001), a na saznanje da na kvalitet mesa ribe utiÄe stres starosti ispitanika (p = 0,007), naroÄito onih izmeÄu 30 i 49 godina. Shvatanje bola kod riba bilo je znaÄajno povezano sa visinom primanja (p lt 0,037) i veliÄinom domaÄinstva (p=0,038). Odgovori muÅ”karaca i žena znaÄajno su se razlikovali samo na pitanje da li znaju da riba može da oseÄa strah (p =0,04), prvenstveno zato Å”to žene manje veruju u to. Preko 70% anketiranih iz gradova i 50% anketiranih iz seoskih naselja smatralo je da riba može da oseÄa bol. Procenat onih koji nisu Äuli za to najveÄi je u selima (37,04%), pa u Äetiri najveÄa grada u Srbiji - Beogradu, Novom Sadu, NiÅ”u i Kragujevcu (25,00%). VeÄina anketiranih iz svih tipova naselja smatralo je da su neki postupci u toku uzgoja, transporta i klanja uzrok bola, straha i patnje riba.
Na osnovu rezultata ovog istraživanja može se zakljuÄiti da, uprkos znatnom broju ispitanika koji se izjasnio pozitivno u pogledu poznavanja efekata uslova života, ishrane i stresa na kvalitet ribljeg mesa, neophodno je bolje informisanje javnosti na ovu temu. Time bi se doprinelo poboljÅ”anju kvaliteta ribljeg mesa, a svakako i dobrobiti farmski gajenih riba
Uspostavljanje programa selektivnog uzgoja kalifornijske pastrmke (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) u Srbiji
Zahtev za sve veÄim koliÄinama hrane za ljudsku upotrebu, efikasnost iskoriÅ”Äavanja hraniva i prostora za gajenje domaÄih životinja, kao i pojava mnogih bolesti doveli su do intenzivnog razvijanja selekcionih programa u svim granama poljoprivrede. Za razliku od ostalih gajenih životinja, programi selekcije u akvakulturi su se razvili neÅ”to kasnije usled nedostatka potrebnih procena heritabilnosti, koeficijenata varijacija i korelacija za ekonomski bitne osobine. Trenutno se u akvakulturi samo 1-2% od ukupne proizvodnje zasniva na genetiÄki unapreÄenim vrstama riba (Gjedrem, 1997). KoriÅ”Äenjem selektovanih linija riba postiže se viÅ”e korisnih stvari. Na prvom mestu, programi selekcije riba predstavljaju jedini naÄin stalnog unapreÄenja ekonomski bitnih osobina kao sto su prirast, konverzija hrane, otpornost na bolesti, smanjenje masnoÄe u mesu riba. Ribe iz selektovanih linija efikasnije iskoriÅ”Äavaju hraniva i na taj naÄin smanjuju pritisak na divlje populacije riba koje se koriste za proizvodnju ribljeg braÅ”na, kao glavnog izvora proteina u smeÅ”ama za ishranu pastrmki. Ribe koje potiÄu iz divljine ne napreduju zadovoljavajuÄim brzinom, Å”to znaÄi da su konstantno pod stresom, za razliku od riba poreklom iz selekcionih programa koje pokazuju manji uticaj stresa usled gajenja u zarobljeniÅ”tvu. Tako se na ovaj naÄin koriÅ”Äenjem selektovanih linija riba postiže efikasna i održiva proizvodnja uz voÄenje raÄuna o dobrobiti životinja. Drugi dobar razlog za uspostavljanje programa selekcije pastrmke u Srbiji je dobro dokumentovano postojanje interakcije genotip x okolina kod kalifornijske pastrmke, kao Å”to su pokazala istraživanja (McKay et al., 1984; Hanke et al., 1989; Sylven et al., 1991; Winkelman and Peterson, 1994; Kettunen et al., 1999; Kause et al., 2003). Na kraju, ali ne i najmanje važna je i kontrola bolesti kod kalifornijske pastrmke i moguÄnost stvaranja otpornih linija pastrmki na neke bolesti putem selektivnog uzgoja (Henrion, 2005). Jedno od reÅ”enja za ovaj ozbiljan problem, pored boljeg sistema kontrole pastrmske ikre poreklom iz uvoza, je i stvaranje lokalnih selektovanih matiÄnih jata sa proverenim poreklom i poveÄenom otpornoÅ”Äu na bolesti.
Obzirom da za kalifornijsku pastrmku postoje pouzdani podaci o varijabilnosti i heritabilnosti proizvodnih osobina ovo pruža moguÄnost efikasne selekcije, a samom tim i znaÄajnog unapreÄenja proizvodnje uz smanjen ukupni mortalitet, putem odgovarajuÄeg programa selekcije u Srbiji
- ā¦