Attachment and Psychopathology: Relationship between Adult Attachment and Depression, Panic Disorder, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between adult attachment dimensions and different types of psychopathologies. One hundred and four individuals who were diagnosed with depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or panic disorder; and 77 individuals who were not diagnosed with a psychopathology (i.e., control group) participated in the study. Participants completed self-report measures of adult attachment. All three disorder groups reported higher attachment anxiety as compared to the control group. Moreover, patients diagnosed with depression reported higher avoidant attachment as compared to the other disorder groups. A discriminant function analysis was conducted to test if adult attachment dimensions discriminate among different disorder groups and the control group. First function, which was defined by attachment anxiety, discriminated the control group from the three psychopathology groups and the second function, which was defined by attachment avoidance, discriminated the depression group from the other groups. These findings indicate that high attachment anxiety and avoidance emerge as risk factors to develop psychopathology. Possible mechanisms mediating the link between adult attachment and psychopathology are discussed in light of findings of the current study and cultural factors

Şizofreni hastalarında kanda glukoz-6-fosfat dehidrogenaz aktivitesi ve element düzeyleri

Amaç: Glukoz-6-fosfat dehidrogenaz (G6PD); nukleotid, indirgenmiş glutatyon, yağ asidi ve kolesterol öncüllerinin sentezlerinde rol alan heksoz monofosfat kaskadının hız kısıtlayıcı enzimidir. Aynı zamanda, fetal dönem sırasında ve sonrasında nöral gelişim ve nörotransmitterler için önemli bir enzimdir. Serumda bulunan elementler nöral gelişim, enzim ve hormonların sentez ve aktiviteleri için gereklidirler. Bu çalışmanın amacı, şizofreni hastaları ve sağlıklı kontrollerin bazı serum element düzeylerini ve G6PD enzim aktivitelerini karşılaştırmaktır. Yöntem: Çalışmaya, 32 şizofreni hastası ile yaş ve cinsiyet açısından eşleştirilmiş 32 sağlıklı kontrol dahil edilmiştir. Bakır, çinko, demir ve magnezyum düzeyleri çifte ışıklandırılmış, döteryum kaynaklı, zemin düzeltmesi yapabilen alevli atomik spektrofotometre ile belirlenmiş; alüminyum ve manganez düzeylerini belirlemek içinse grafit atomizer tüp spektroskop kullanılmıştır. G6PD enzim aktivitesi Glock ve Mclean yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Analiz sonuçları; G6PD aktivitesi, bakır, demir, magnezyum ve alüminyum düzeylerinin hastalarda kontrol grubuna göre daha yüksek olduğunu, çinko ve manganez düzeylerinin ise tersine düşüş gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Tartışma: Şizofreni hastalarındaki G6PD aktivite yüksekliği, literatürle uyumlu bir bulgu değildir. G6PD aktivitesi ve element düzeyleri ile ilgili bu sonuçların, belirli hormonların, antipsikotik tedavilerin ya da şizofreninin doğrudan etkileri ile ilgili olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Sonuç: Araştırdığımız elementler ve G6PD, antioksidan sistemler için önem taşımaktadır. Bu nedenle, şizofreni hastalarındaki element düzey değişiklikleri antioksidan enzimlerin ve G6PDnin işlevlerinde bozulmaya neden olabilir. Bu alanda daha geniş hasta grupları ile ve ilaç kullanmayan hastalarla yapılacak çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.Elements levels and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in blood of patients with schizophrenia Objectives: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the rate limiting enzyme of the hexose monophosphate cascade which plays role in the synthesis of nucleotide, reduced glutathion, fatty acid and cholesterol precursors. At the same time, it is an important enzyme for neuronal development during and after fetal life and for neurotransmitters. Serum elements are necessary for neuronal development and synthesis and activity of enzymes and hormones. The aim of this study was to compare serum levels of some elements and G6PD enzyme activity in schizophrenic patients with those in healthy individuals. Methods: This study involved blood serum analysis of 32 schizophrenia patients and 32 age- and sex- matched healthy controls. Copper, zinc, iron, magnesium levels were determined with a double lighted, deuterium sourced, background proof reading fire atomic spectrophotometer and in order to determine aluminum and manganese levels, a graphite tube atomizer spectroscope was used. G6PD enzyme activity was analyzed by the Glock and Mclean Method. Results: This analysis revealed higher levels of G6PD activity, copper, iron, magnesium and aluminum in schizophrenia patients compared to controls, whereas zinc and manganese levels showed a decreasing trend on the contrary. Discussion: The higher levels of G6PD activity in schizophrenic patients is not consistent with the literature in general. It is considered that results on G6PD and element levels may be explained as the effects of specific hormones, antipsychotic medications, or by schizophrenia itself. Conclusion: The elements we investigated and G6PD are important for the antioxidant system. Thus changing levels of elements in patients with schizophrenia may lead to disturbed functions of antioxidant enzymes and G6PD. Further researches on this subject conducted with larger and drug naïve patient groups are needed