Crises and Merchant Networks in the nineteenth century: The Case of German Networks in Lombardy

During the nineteenth century in Continental Europe, merchant networks founded enterprises wherever comparative or absolute advantages related to naturalresources or workers’ capabilities, but also changing economic policies, made it profitable. Incessantly comparing the cost-effectiveness of investments, merchant networks enhanced the efficiency of the entire economic system, but also favoured innovation, introducing technological advancements when feasible and potentially remunerative. At the same time, though, economic crises, more and more dependent on manufacturing and less on agricultural cycles, became manifest and an object of theoretical debate. The paper analyzes how merchant networks envisioned economic crises, if at all, and how the economic decision processes of such organizational structures responded to them. It will be ascertained that, more than sectorial imbalances and insufficient demand, the crisis that merchants really feared was the end of credibility and thus of access to credit. Personal failure could dramatically reduce the level of trust, depriving the merchant system of its functioning principle. The chosen framework of analysis describes the actual economic decision process, on which the distribution of production depended, and itsrelation to economic cycles

Crises and Merchant Networks in the nineteenth century: The Case of German Networks in Lombardy

During the nineteenth century in Continental Europe, merchant networks founded enterprises wherever comparative or absolute advantages related to naturalresources or workers’ capabilities, but also changing economic policies, made it profitable. Incessantly comparing the cost-effectiveness of investments, merchant networks enhanced the efficiency of the entire economic system, but also favoured innovation, introducing technological advancements when feasible and potentially remunerative. At the same time, though, economic crises, more and more dependent on manufacturing and less on agricultural cycles, became manifest and an object of theoretical debate. The paper analyzes how merchant networks envisioned economic crises, if at all, and how the economic decision processes of such organizational structures responded to them. It will be ascertained that, more than sectorial imbalances and insufficient demand, the crisis that merchants really feared was the end of credibility and thus of access to credit. Personal failure could dramatically reduce the level of trust, depriving the merchant system of its functioning principle. The chosen framework of analysis describes the actual economic decision process, on which the distribution of production depended, and itsrelation to economic cycles

Carlo Lorenzini e la pedagogia illuminista

This essay analyses several writings of Carlo Lorenzini, published on jour-nals, newspapers and collections, reconstructing the enlightened pedagogical principles applied in composing his masterpiece, The Adventures of Pinoc-chio, and also his assumptions in regard the path of history and the role of education in the bettering of society. The process of humanization of Pinoc-chio will also be represented as the experience of all children, aged eight to twelve, on the verge of adulthood in the land of freedom of choice and moral-ity building. Lastly, the work of Lorenzini will be contextualised in the his-tory of Tuscany in the decades of Italy’s unification, showing the disap-pointment of Lorenzini with the results of the institutionalisation process of the new state, harming the freedom of its citizen, not least by imposing bourgeois values through compulsory education

Carlo Lorenzini e la pedagogia illuminista

This essay analyses several writings of Carlo Lorenzini, published on jour-nals, newspapers and collections, reconstructing the enlightened pedagogical principles applied in composing his masterpiece, The Adventures of Pinoc-chio, and also his assumptions in regard the path of history and the role of education in the bettering of society. The process of humanization of Pinoc-chio will also be represented as the experience of all children, aged eight to twelve, on the verge of adulthood in the land of freedom of choice and moral-ity building. Lastly, the work of Lorenzini will be contextualised in the his-tory of Tuscany in the decades of Italy’s unification, showing the disap-pointment of Lorenzini with the results of the institutionalisation process of the new state, harming the freedom of its citizen, not least by imposing bourgeois values through compulsory education

Ortohoeffekte in 1-(o-Aminomethylaryl)-buten(1)-3-onen und ihren Hydrierungsprodukten, 4. Mitt. MS-Untersuchungen an Modellsubstanzen des Alkaloids Vinceten

Zur Klärung der Elektronenstoß-induzierten Fragmentierung des Vincetens (1) wurden die Modellsubstanzen 3-9 ms durch Hochauflösung, 2H-Markierung und Analyse metastabiler Ionen untersucht. In order to elucidate the electron-impact induced fragmentations of vincetene (1), the model compounds 3-9 were investigated mass spectrometrically by means of high resolution measurements, 2H-labelling and analysis of metastable ions

Ortohoeffekte in 1-(o-Aminomethylaryl)-buten(1)-3-onen und ihren Hydrierungsprodukten, 1. Mitt. o-Aminomethyl-naphtalacetone

Die Herstellung der Verbindungen 3 bis 21 wird beschrieben. Synthetic procedures leading to compounds 3 to 21 are described

Gli imprenditori tedeschi a milano nell'Ottocento

Dottorato di ricerca in storia economica e sociale. 10. ciclo. Tutori V. Zamagni e M. Cattini. Coordinatore M. CattiniConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Biblioteca Centrale - P.le Aldo Moro, 7, Rome; Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale - P.za Cavalleggeri, 1, Florence / CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle RichercheSIGLEITItal

Synthese von (+-)-14-Hydoxy-2,3,6-trimethoxy-9,11,12,13,13a,14-hexahydro-dibenzo[f,h]pyrrolo[1,2-b]isochinolin

Die Konstitution des von Faberl)l6) aus Cynanchum vincetoxicum isolierten 14-Hydroxy-Alkaloids A (1) wird durch Synthese der diastereomeren Racemate 16 bewiesen. Es entsteht dabei überwiegend ein dem Racemat des natürlichen Alkaloids entsprechendes Produkt, das als O-Acetylverbindung (±) 17a isoliert wird. The Constitution of the 14-hydroxy alkaloid A (1), isolated by Faber from cynanchum vincetoxicum, is proved by synthesis of the diastereomeric racemates 16. The main product corresponds with the natural alkaloid and is isolated as its O-acetyl derivative (±)-17a