2 research outputs found
Properties of the "Orgamax" osteoplastic material made of a demineralized allograft bone
We investigated properties of the βOrgamaxβ osteoplastic material, which was produced from a demineralized bone, in the treatment of extensive caries, in particular chronic pulpitis of the permanent teeth with unformed roots in children. The βOrgamaxβ osteoplastic material consists of demineralized bone chips, a collagen additive, and antibiotics. The surface morphology of the βOrgamaxβ osteoplastic materialis macroporous, with the maximum pore size of 250 [mu]m, whereas the surface morphology of the major component of βOrgamaxβ, demineralized bone chips, is microporous, with a pore size of 10-20 [mu]m. Material βOrgamaxβ is used in the treatment of complicated caries, particularly chronic pulpitis of permanent teeth with unformed roots in children. βOrgamaxβ filling a formed cavity exhibits antimicrobial properties, eliminates inflammation in the dental pulp, and, due to its osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties, undergoes gradual resorption, stimulates regeneration, and provides replacement of the defect with newly formed tissue. The dental pulp viability is completely restored, which ensures the complete formation of tooth roots with root apex closure in the long-term period
ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠΠ‘Π ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ Π₯ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ Π Π―ΠΠ
Aim To determine optimal approaches of demineralized bone tissue processing after preservation to ensure efficient seeding of chondrocytes. Methods Demineralized bone matrix specimens sized 1 x 1 x 1 cm3 were used in the experiment. A purification method ensuring the removal of cytotoxic substances from the matrices has been developed. It consists of a multi-stage soaking of the specimens in H2O, 0.1H NaOH, 1N NaOH, H2O and DPBS until a neutral pH is reached. After chemical purification (a 3-stage process), all the specimens were subjected to sonication for 1 minute at 5W to improve cell adhesion. The water was changed after each exposure. Then, the water was replaced to DPBS and the specimens were sonicated for 1 minute at 5W. After it, the sample was placed in a neutral medium (pH 7.0). The matrices undergoing sonicated procession were seeded with cells. Hyaline cartilage of minipigs was used as a source of the cells. Chondrocytes were isolated using collagenase II digestion and cultured for 20 days in the culture flasks. Passage 1 chondrocytes were seeded on the matrices. DBM were pretreated with a 1% gelatin solution to improve the efficiency of cell seeding. The microtitration viability test estimating the impact of the extract obtained during sonation cycles on cell viability was performed to determine whether these matrices may be seeded with chondrocytes. The test was performed on the lag- and log-phase cells. The effect of the extract on the cells lasted around 3 days. Results Extract-treated chondrocytes during the lag-phase showed a direct dose-dependent cytotoxic effect, compared to extract-treated chondrocytes during the log-phase. Low efficiency of DBM was associated with both, the stringent requirements for the manufacturing process of DBM and the subsequent matrices processing, including the cell growth phases. The increased cell migration depth into the matrices resulted in the disturbances of the microcirculation, leading to the insufficient cell feeding and slowed down metabolic processes. Conclusion The efficiency of DBM cell seeding depends on the matrix processing, its cytotoxic effect and architectonics. The problem of slowing down the metabolism of cells in DMB may be solved by the application of the combined purification technique, i.e. chemical and ultrasonic purification methods. The obtained results prove the necessity of using mechanical and electrical stimuli for the normal functioning of bone and cartilage tissue cells within the matrix.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ 1 Ρ
1 Ρ
1 ΡΠΌΒ³. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° Π² Π2Π, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ 0,1 Π NaOH, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ 1 Π½ NaOH, Π2Π ΠΈ DPBS Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ pH. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π΄Π³Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
, Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π΅Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΡ 3 ΡΠ°Π·Π°, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΈ W = 5. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° DPBS ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΈ W = 5. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π΅Ρ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ (pH 7,0). ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ
ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ-ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ°. Π₯ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°Π³Π΅Π½Π°Π·Ρ II ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 20 ΡΡΡΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ
ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ 1 ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π±ΡΠ» Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ 1% ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ° ΠΊ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ
ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ. Π’Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π»Π°Π³- ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠ³-ΡΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ 3 ΡΡΡΠΎΠΊ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Ρ
ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ Π»Π°Π³-ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ
ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π΅ Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΠ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ. Π‘ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π²Π³Π»ΡΠ±Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΠΊ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°, Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΠ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
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ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ