Factores asociados al desarrollo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Chile = Risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes in Chile

Background: Worldwide, prevalence of type 2 diabetes has doubled in the last years, mainly due to unhealthy lifestyle behaviours. They are many risk factors associated with diabetes, however, which factors are associated with diabetes in the Chilean population remains unknown. Therefore, the aim was to determine what risk factors are associated with the development of diabetes in Chile. Methods: Four thousand and seven hundred participants from the cross-sectional 2009-2010 National Health Survey were included in this study (4,162 normal; 538 diabetics). Risk factors assessed were socio-demographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, well-being and comorbidities. The association between diabetes and risk factors was examined using logistic regression. Results: The main non-modifiable risk factors associated with diabetes were age ≥ 45 year, female and family history of diabetes; whereas the main modifiable risk factors were hypertension, overweight, obesity, central obesity, physical inactivity and higher levels of sitting time. Conclusion: The identification of modifiable risk factors for DMT2 is key to control and decrease the prevalence of this pathology and to improve the quality of life of the population

Aumento del índice de masa corporal durante las últimas cuatro décadas en la población chilena: de la desnutrición a la obesidad = Increase in body mass index during the last four decades in Chile: from undernutrition to obesity

No abstract available

Factores asociados al desarrollo de obesidad en Chile: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010 = Risk factors for obesity: analysis of the 2009-2010 Chilean Health Survey

Background: Chile has one of the highest obesity rates in Latin America. However, the factors that could explain this high prevalence of obesity are unknown. Aim: To determine the main risk factors for the development of obesity in Chile. Material and methods: We included 1398 obese and 1478 normal weight participants of the National Health Survey 2009-2010. The risk factors considered were socioeconomic variables, diet, physical activity, comorbidities and general wellbeing. Results: The main factors associated with a higher risk of being obese were age, high salt consumption and high alcohol intake. Education, income and living in rural or urban zones were protective for women and risk factors for men. The probability of being obese increases in women that sleep less than seven hours per day or have a poor health. Sedentariness and lack of physical activity were risk factors among men. Conclusions: The identification of these risk factors may help to implement public health interventions to tackle obesity in Chile

Joint effect of physical activity and sedentary behaviour on cardiovascular risk factors in Chilean adults

Background: To investigate the associations between combined categories of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) with markers of adiposity and cardiovascular risk in adults. Methods: Overall, 5040 participants (mean age 46.4 years and 59.3% women) from the cross-sectional Chilean National Health Survey 2009–2010 were included in this study. MVPA and SB were measured using the Global Physical Activity questionnaire. Four categories were computed using MVPA- and SB-specific cut-offs (‘High-SB & Active’, ‘Low-SB & Active’, ‘High-SB & Inactive’ and ‘Low-SB & Inactive’). Results: Compared to the reference group (‘High-SB & Inactive’), those in ‘High-SB & Active’ and ‘Low-SB & Active’ were less likely to have an obese BMI (OR: 0.67 [0.54; 0.85], P = 0.0001 and 0.74 [0.59; 0.92] P = 0.0007, respectively) and less likely to have metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.63 [0.49; 0.82], P < 0.0001 and 0.72 [0.57; 0.91], P = 0.007), central obesity (OR: 0.79 [0.65; 0.96], P = 0.016 and 0.71 [0.59; 0.84], P < 0.0001), diabetes (OR: 0.45 [0.35; 0.59], P < 0.0001 and 0.44 [0.34; 0.56], P < 0.0001) and hypertension (OR: 0.52 [0.43; 0.63], P < 0.0001 and 0.60 [0.50; 0.72], P < 0.0001), respectively. Conclusions: Being physically active and spending less time in SBs was associated with lower adiposity and improvements in cardiovascular risk factors

Active commuting is associated with a lower risk of obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome in Chilean adults

Background: There is limited evidence on how active commuting is associated with health benefits in developing countries. The aim of this study therefore was to investigate the associations between active commuting and markers of adiposity and cardiometabolic risk in the Chilean adult population. Methods: In total, 5157 participants from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009–10 were included in this cross-sectional study. Active commuting was measured using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ v2). Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were measured and used to define obesity and central obesity. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome were determined using WHO and updated ATPIII-NCEP criteria, respectively. Results: The main finding of this study is that a 30 min increase in active commuting is associated with lower odds for BMI > 25.0 kg m−2 (0.93 [95% CI: 0.88–0.98, P = 0.010]). Similarly, the odds for central obesity was 0.87 [0.82–0.92, P < 0.0001]. Similar associations were found for T2D (0.81 [0.75–0.88], P < 0.0001) and metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.86 [0.80–0.92], P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Our findings show that active commuting is associated with lower adiposity and a healthier metabolic profile including lower risk for obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome

Factores asociados al desarrollo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Chile = Risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes in Chile

Background: Worldwide, prevalence of type 2 diabetes has doubled in the last years, mainly due to unhealthy lifestyle behaviours. They are many risk factors associated with diabetes, however, which factors are associated with diabetes in the Chilean population remains unknown. Therefore, the aim was to determine what risk factors are associated with the development of diabetes in Chile. Methods: Four thousand and seven hundred participants from the cross-sectional 2009-2010 National Health Survey were included in this study (4,162 normal; 538 diabetics). Risk factors assessed were socio-demographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, well-being and comorbidities. The association between diabetes and risk factors was examined using logistic regression. Results: The main non-modifiable risk factors associated with diabetes were age ≥ 45 year, female and family history of diabetes; whereas the main modifiable risk factors were hypertension, overweight, obesity, central obesity, physical inactivity and higher levels of sitting time. Conclusion: The identification of modifiable risk factors for DMT2 is key to control and decrease the prevalence of this pathology and to improve the quality of life of the population

Prevalence and patterns of active commuting according to socio-demographic factors in the Chilean population

Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate levels of self-reported active commuting by socio-demographics factors in Chile. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 5,157 participants (women: 59.3%, age range 15–101 years) from the Chilean National Health Survey (CNHS) 2009–2010. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ v2) was utilised to measure frequency and time spent in active commuting (walking or cycling). In addition, age, sex, education, place of residence, income and occupation were used as socio-demographics factors of interest. Results: 31.9% [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 29.7; 34.2] of the population reported not doing any form of active commuting, this prevalence was higher in women than men (34.0% vs. 29.7%), in older (≥65y) than younger individuals (≤24y) (44.1% vs. 24.4%), in individuals with lower education compared to higher education (38.4% vs. 28.2) and in retired individuals than in those who were employed (46.0% vs. 31.2%). Being a non-active commuter was associated with a higher prevalence of physical inactivity (OR: 11.1 [95% CI: 8.27; 14.8], p < 0.0001). Similar findings were observed when analyses were stratified by socio-demographics factors. Conclusions: Our findings show that prevalence and levels of active commuting differ by socio-demographic factors. In addition, our results provide evidence that commuting physical activity is an important domain that contribute to achieving the physical activity guidelines. Individuals who do not engage in active commuting presented a higher prevalence of physical inactivity

Asociación entre diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y actividad física en personas con antecedentes familiares de diabetes = Association between type 2 diabetes and physical activity in individuals with family history of diabetes

Objetivo: Investigar si la asociación entre diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) y antecedentes familiares de DMT2 resulta modificada por los niveles de actividad física en población chilena. Método: Se incluyeron en el estudio 5129 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Chile. El tiempo destinado a realizar actividad física se determinó por el cuestionario GPAQ v2, y los antecedentes familiares mediante el autorreporte de cada participante. La asociación entre DMT2, antecedentes familiares de DMT2 y actividad física fue investigada por sexo mediante regresión logística. Resultados: El riesgo de desarrollar DMT2 en personas con antecedentes familiares de esta enfermedad es elevado, independientemente de su nivel de actividad física y de su adiposidad. Tanto las mujeres como los hombres físicamente inactivos y con antecedentes familiares de DMT2 presentan mayor probabilidad de desarrollar DMT2 (odds ratio [OR] mujeres: 5,49; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 3,85-7,84; p <0,0001; y OR hombres: 8,16; IC95%: 4,96-13,4; p <0,0001), comparados con sus pares sin antecedentes familiares y activos físicamente. Conclusión: Dado el alto riesgo de desarrollar DMT2 que presentan los individuos con antecedentes familiares de esta enfermedad, y el efecto de la actividad física en la disminución de dicho riesgo, es esencial incrementar los niveles de actividad física en la población que presenta mayor susceptibilidad a DMT2. <br/> <br/> Objective: To investigate whether the association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and family history of diabetes is modified by the levels of physical activity in the Chilean population. Method: In this study were included 5129 participants from the cross-sectional 2009-2010 National Health Survey. Physical activity level was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and family history of T2D, through self-reporting. The association between diabetes, family history of diabetes and physical activity was determined using logistic regression. Results: The odds of developing T2D in people with family history of this pathology is high, independent of their levels of physical activity and adiposity. Both men and women with family history of T2D have a higher probability of developing T2D. The odds ratio for having T2D was 5,49 (95%CI: 3,85-7,84; p <0,0001) in women, and 8,16 (95%CI: 4,96-13,4; p <0,0001) in men with family history of T2D and low levels of physical activity in comparison to those with high levels of physical activity and without a family history. Conclusion: Given the elevated risk of developing T2D presented by individuals with a family history of this pathology, and the effect of physical activity in reducing such risk, people with family history of diabetes may need higher levels of physical activity to attenuate their susceptibility to T2D

Levels of physical activity and sitting time in elderly people with fragility: results of the 2016-2017 National Health Survey

Background: fragility is characterized by loss of biological reserves and vulnerability to adverse outcomes. An intervention with beneficial effects on the prevention and management of frailty is the regular practice of physical activity (PA). Objective: to determine the association between levels of PA, sedentary time and frailty in older Chileans by sex. Methodology: 232 people over 60 years of age from the metropolitan region participating in the National Health Survey 2016-2017 were included. Frailty was assessed based on the Fried Phenotype Scale criteria and PA level and sedentary time with the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ v2). The association between levels of PA with the different states of frailty was investigated with linear regression analysis. Results and conclusion: elderly people with frailty have less total PA (β =-292.6 min/day [95 % CI: 399.5;-185.7], p = 0.001), occupational PA (β =-5821.8 min/day [95 % CI: 8680.8,-2962.8], p = 0.001), transportation (β =-68.0 min/day [95 % CI:-105.4,-30.62], p = 0.001). A lower amount of moderate AF was also found (β =-137.7 min/day [95 % CI:-202.0,-73.5], p = 0.001); vigorous (β =-43.4 min/day [95 % CI:-81.6;-5.20], p = 0.026) and longer time seated (β = 3.55 hours/day [95 % CI:-1.97, 5.14], p = 0.001). Frail older people have lower PA levels compared to their peers without frailty. Considering that the Chilean population will experience an increase in the number of older people, it is essential to implement preventive measures to delay the onset of frailty, such as promoting the practice of PA at all levels.7 página

Patterns of healthy lifestyle behaviours in older adults: findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009–2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate healthy lifestyle behaviours across age categories in the older population in Chile. Data from 1390 older adults (≥60 years), in the 2009–2010 Chilean National Health Survey were analyzed. We derived the following age categories: 60–65, 66–70, 71–75, 76–80 and >80 years. The association between age and compliance with healthy lifestyle behaviours (smoking, sitting time, physical activity, sleep duration and intake of salt, alcohol, fruit and vegetables) were investigated using logistic regression. The probability of meeting the guidelines for alcohol intake (OR trend: 1.35 [95% CI: 1.11; 1.64], p = 0.001) and smoking (OR trend: 1.23 [95% CI: 1.13; 1.33], p < 0.0001) increased with age, whereas spending <4 h per day sitting time or engaging in at least 150 min of physical activity per week or sleep on average between 7 and 9 h per day were less likely to be met with increasing age (OR trend: 0.77 [95% CI: 0.71; 0.83], p < 0.000; OR trend: 0.73 [95% CI: 0.67; 0.79], p < 0.0001, and OR trend: 0.89 [95% CI: 0.82; 0.96], p = 0.002, respectively). No significant trend across age categories was observed for fruit and vegetables, and salt intake. The probability of meeting at least 3 out of 7 healthy lifestyle behaviours across the age categories was also lower in older age categories compared to those aged 60 to 65 years. Overall, in older adults the probability of having the healthy lifestyle behaviours of physical activity, sitting time and sleeping behaviours was low but not for smoking or alcohol consumption. With an increasingly ageing population, these findings could inform stakeholders on which lifestyle behaviours could be targeted in the older adults and therefore which interventions should take place to promote healthy ageing