Effect of the Mn Oxidation State on Single-Molecule-Magnet Properties: Mn^III vs Mn^IV in Biologically Inspired DyMn₃O₄ Cubanes

Inspired by the ferromagnetic coupling in the cubane model CaMn^IV₃O₄ of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II, 3d–4f mixed-metal DyMn₃O₄ clusters were prepared for investigation of the magnetic properties. For comparison, YMn^IV₃O₄ and YMn^IV₂Mn^IIIO₄ clusters were investigated as well and showed ferromagnetic interactions, like the calcium analogue. DyMn^IV₃O₄ displays single-molecule-magnet properties, while the one-electron-reduced species (DyMn^IV₂Mn^IIIO₄) does not, despite the presence of a Mn^III center with higher spin and single-ion anisotropy

An Organometallic Sandwich Lanthanide Single-Ion Magnet with an Unusual Multiple Relaxation Mechanism

A dysprosium(III) sandwich complex, [Dy^III(COT″)₂Li(THF)(DME)], was synthesized using 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclooctatetraenyl dianion (COT″). The complex behaves as a single-ion magnet and demonstrates unusual multiple relaxation modes. The observed relaxation pathways strongly depend on the applied static dc fields

An Organometallic Sandwich Lanthanide Single-Ion Magnet with an Unusual Multiple Relaxation Mechanism

A dysprosium(III) sandwich complex, [Dy^III(COT″)₂Li(THF)(DME)], was synthesized using 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclooctatetraenyl dianion (COT″). The complex behaves as a single-ion magnet and demonstrates unusual multiple relaxation modes. The observed relaxation pathways strongly depend on the applied static dc fields

The distribution of the motifs in the genomes of Faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV).

<p>(A) Schematic representation of the Faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV) genome. (B) The distribution of common motifs in the genomes of BBTV detected by MEME. The solid lines represent the sequences of each FBNYV genome component: DNA-R, -U1, -U2, -U4, -S, -M, -C and -N. The stem-loop region of all components is marked at the top of figure. Three conserved regions, the CR-M-U2, CR-C-U1 and CR-N-U4 regions, shared only by certain components of FBNYV are also indicated. The colored rectangles represent the high-confidence motifs (see text) that are shared by genome components, and the motifs with similar sequences are indicated in the same color; an arrow on a rectangle indicates that the motif is reversed.</p

The distribution and evaluation of common motifs in the Banana bunchy top virus genome.

<p>(A) Schematic representation of the Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) genome and the distribution of common motifs in the genomes of BBTV, detected by MEME <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0071565#pone.0071565-Bailey2" target="_blank">[31]</a>. The genome sequences of BBTV are represented by gray lines. The rectangles on the genomes represent the identified motifs. The motifs belonging to the same set are indicated in the same color. (B) The evaluation of the motifs by IC is represented on the <i>y</i>-axis. The <i>x</i>-axis represents the rank of the motif among all of the motifs identified. The red line represents the motif sets detected in the BBTV whole-genome sequences, and the green line and blue line represent the motif sets detected by the simulation of the BBTV-genome coding region mimic sequence set and the BBTV-genome random mimic sequence set, respectively. The yellow line represents the IC values that were derived from six identical sequences. (C) The distribution of the percentage of the motif sets detected from BBTV-genome mimic sequences is shown. The <i>x</i>-axis represents the mean pairwise distance (<i>D_h</i>). The <i>y</i>-axis represents the percentage of motif sets with a certain <i>D_h</i> value. The green line and blue line represent the distribution of the percentage of the motif sets detected by the simulation of the BBTV-genome coding region mimic sequence set and the BBTV-genome random mimic sequence set, respectively. The black rectangle represents the <i>D_h</i> of the motif sets detected within the BBTV genome sequences. (D) The percentage of motifs detected by MEME from motifs inserted in randomly generated sequences. The <i>x</i>-axis represents the <i>D_h</i> of artificial motifs that were generated and inserted randomly in begomovirus-genome mimic sequences The <i>y</i>-axis represents the coverage rate <i>C_r</i> of detected motifs compared with the initially inserted artificial motifs. Only the result of the BBTV Taiwan Type I isolate is shown.</p

The information content (IC) values of the top 25 motifs detected by MEME in the BBTV genomes; only the motifs detected from the Taiwan Type I isolate are shown.

*<p>A consensus sequence of a motif set is a pseudo sequence that has a minimal average distance to every motif in the set.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of a Banana bunchy top virus Taiwan isolate using motifs detected by MEME.

<p>(A) The NJ trees supported the grouping of Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) component; only the bootstrap values above 75% were counted. (B) The distance matrix calculated by SPRING <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0071565#pone.0071565-Lin2" target="_blank">[43]</a> represents the recombination steps that are necessary for changing the motif order from that of one genome to that of another. (C) The neighbor-joining tree constructed from the distance matrix calculated in (B). (D) The index of specifically shared motifs. The number represents the number of motifs that were shared specifically by partial components. We applied these methods to all of the BBTV isolates (Australia, India, Egypt, Taiwan, China and Tonga) (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0071565#pone-0071565-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>). The results derived from all of the BBTV isolates are similar, although the rearrangement distance (B) and the number of motifs that were shared specifically by subsets of components (D) varied between BBTV isolates (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0071565#pone.0071565.s003" target="_blank">Figure S3</a>). Only the result derived from the BBTV Taiwan Type I isolate is shown here.</p

The motif distribution of begomovirus with genome rearrangement.

<p>(A) The distribution of motifs in the genomes of DNA-A and DNA-B components of Potato yellow mosaic Panama virus (PYMPV), <i>Gossypium punctatum</i> mild leaf curl virus (GPMLCuV), Tomato leaf curl Hsinchu virus (ToLCHsV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLCKaV), detected by MEME <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0071565#pone.0071565-Bailey2" target="_blank">[31]</a>. (B) Schematic representation of the locations of high-confidence motifs. The genome sequences are represented by gray lines. The colored rectangles on the genomes represent the identified motifs, and arrows indicate that the motif is reversed. The motifs belonging to the same set in the same genome are indicated in the same color. Potential recombinant regions are indicated by red open rectangles, and the <i>H_d</i> of each motif set in the regions is listed.</p

Schematic representation of the possible outcomes of genomic recombination in organisms with frequent recombination.

<p>(A) Conserved sequences (represented by dark rectangles) in the offspring genomes are separated by foreign segments (represented by empty blocks) as a result of multiple insertion events. (B) Recombination and inversion might occur in the offspring genomes and lead to positional and directional rearrangement of the conserved region (represented by dark arrows; the arrowhead indicates the direction). (C) Progeny genomes can share similar genome organization, but certain distinctive segments (represented by gray rectangles) within these regions can be shared only by a subset of the progeny.</p

The distribution of the motifs in the genomes of five Banana bunchy top virus isolates.

<p>The solid lines represent the sequences of each Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) genome component derived from the different isolates (Aus, Australia; Ind, India; Egy, Egypt; Tai, Taiwan, Chi, China; Tog, Tonga). All of the BBTV genome components, DNA-R (A), -U3 (B), -S (C), -M (D), -C (E), and -N (F), which were derived from different isolates, are aligned separately. The dotted lines represented gapped regions (only the gapped lengths longer than 10 are shown). The two conserved regions, the stem-loop (SL) and the major (CR-M) common region, are marked above the alignment. The colored rectangles represent the high-confidence motifs (see text) that are shared by all of the genome components of the isolates, and the motifs with similar sequences are indicated in the same color; an arrow on a rectangle indicates that the motif is reversed; a star on a rectangle indicates a high-confidence motif that is shared only by a subset of the genome components of an isolate.</p