259 research outputs found
Bayesian spike inference from calcium imaging data
We present efficient Bayesian methods for extracting neuronal spiking
information from calcium imaging data. The goal of our methods is to sample
from the posterior distribution of spike trains and model parameters (baseline
concentration, spike amplitude etc) given noisy calcium imaging data. We
present discrete time algorithms where we sample the existence of a spike at
each time bin using Gibbs methods, as well as continuous time algorithms where
we sample over the number of spikes and their locations at an arbitrary
resolution using Metropolis-Hastings methods for point processes. We provide
Rao-Blackwellized extensions that (i) marginalize over several model parameters
and (ii) provide smooth estimates of the marginal spike posterior distribution
in continuous time. Our methods serve as complements to standard point
estimates and allow for quantification of uncertainty in estimating the
underlying spike train and model parameters
Fast, Simple Calcium Imaging Segmentation with Fully Convolutional Networks
Calcium imaging is a technique for observing neuron activity as a series of
images showing indicator fluorescence over time. Manually segmenting neurons is
time-consuming, leading to research on automated calcium imaging segmentation
(ACIS). We evaluated several deep learning models for ACIS on the Neurofinder
competition datasets and report our best model: U-Net2DS, a fully convolutional
network that operates on 2D mean summary images. U-Net2DS requires minimal
domain-specific pre/post-processing and parameter adjustment, and predictions
are made on full images at 9K images per minute. It
ranks third in the Neurofinder competition () and is the best model
to exclusively use deep learning. We also demonstrate useful segmentations on
data from outside the competition. The model's simplicity, speed, and quality
results make it a practical choice for ACIS and a strong baseline for more
complex models in the future.Comment: Accepted to 3rd Workshop on Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis
(http://cs.adelaide.edu.au/~dlmia3/
Consistent Recovery of Sensory Stimuli Encoded with MIMO Neural Circuits
We consider the problem of reconstructing finite energy stimuli encoded with a population of spiking leaky integrate-and-fire neurons. The reconstructed signal satisfies a consistency condition: when passed through the same neuron, it triggers the same spike train as the original stimulus. The recovered stimulus has to also minimize a quadratic smoothness optimality criterion. We formulate the reconstruction as a spline interpolation problem for scalar as well as vector valued stimuli and show that the recovery has a unique solution. We provide explicit reconstruction algorithms for stimuli encoded with single as well as a population of integrate-and-fire neurons. We demonstrate how our reconstruction algorithms can be applied to stimuli encoded with ON-OFF neural circuits with feedback. Finally, we extend the formalism to multi-input multi-output neural circuits and demonstrate that vector-valued finite energy signals can be efficiently encoded by a neural population provided that its size is beyond a threshold value. Examples are given that demonstrate the potential applications of our methodology to systems neuroscience and neuromorphic engineering
La territorialitĂ© de lâĂglise orthodoxe en France, entre exclusivisme juridictionnel et catholicitĂ© locale
Issue de mouvements migratoires liĂ©s aux grands bouleversements gĂ©opolitiques du 20Ăšme siĂšcle, lâorthodoxie en France est loin de constituer un ensemble culturellement homogĂšne. Lâexistence de multiples juridictions suivant lâorigine nationale, lâEglise de rattachement et la trajectoire identitaire particuliĂšre de chaque communautĂ© est une rĂ©alitĂ© qui façonne lâorganisation territoriale orthodoxe dans la « diaspora ». Dâautant plus que cette organisation reflĂšte des rapports de pouvoir entre Eglises et des antagonismes entre diffĂ©rentes acceptations nationales de lâorthodoxie. Et pourtant, selon les rĂšgles ecclĂ©siologiques orthodoxes, le territoire, avec sa diversitĂ© culturelle, ne devrait pas ĂȘtre un facteur de division mais un principe unificateur.Following migration movements due to the major geopolitical changes of the 20th century, orthodoxy in France is far from being a homogenous cultural ensemble. The existence of multiple jurisdictions based on national origin, the Church of canonical attachment and the particular identity of every community creates a reality that determines the territorial organisation of orthodoxy in the « Diaspora », especially since this type of structure reflects both a certain balance of power between Churches and an antagonism between different national understandings of Orthodoxy. And yet, according to the Orthodox ecclesiology, territory, along with its cultural diversity, should not be a factor of division but rather a unifying principle
LâĂ©migration russe et la naissance dâune orthodoxie française 1925-1953
La rĂ©volution dâoctobre 1917 et la guerre civile qui sâensuivit en Russie eut comme consĂ©quence lâĂ©migration de millions dâorthodoxes russes vers les pays de lâEurope occidentale et plus particuliĂšrement la France. PersuadĂ©s depuis le dĂ©but du dĂ©racinement que leur exile avait un caractĂšre providentiel, les orthodoxes russes de France ont ĆuvrĂ© pour la rĂ©alisation dâune synthĂšse qui permettrait le rapprochement entre les chrĂ©tiens dâOrient et dâOccident et aboutirait au dĂ©passement dĂ©finitif des dilemmes identitaires historiques. Durant la pĂ©riode 1925-1953, la reconnaissance du français comme langue liturgique orthodoxe, la fondation de la premiĂšre paroisse orthodoxe de langue française, lâacceptation dans lâorthodoxie dâun groupe chrĂ©tien français utilisant une ancienne forme liturgique gallicane, la recherche pour la reconstitution dudit « rite des Gaules » et les efforts pour lâorganisation ecclĂ©siastique dâune « orthodoxie française » sous lâobĂ©dience du patriarcat de Moscou, sont des exemples montrant lâengagement sincĂšre de certains esprits pionniers au sein de lâĂ©migration russe pour la rĂ©alisation dâune orthodoxie authentiquement occidentale
Phases of two-dimensional spinless lattice fermions with first-quantized deep neural-network quantum states
First-quantized deep neural network techniques are developed for analyzing
strongly coupled fermionic systems on the lattice. Using a Slater-Jastrow
inspired ansatz which exploits deep residual networks with convolutional
residual blocks, we approximately determine the ground state of spinless
fermions on a square lattice with nearest-neighbor interactions. The
flexibility of the neural-network ansatz results in a high level of accuracy
when compared to exact diagonalization results on small systems, both for
energy and correlation functions. On large systems, we obtain accurate
estimates of the boundaries between metallic and charge ordered phases as a
function of the interaction strength and the particle density
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Multi input multi output neural population encoding
A formal mathematical model for representing neural stimuli is presented. The model enables the investigation of stimulus representation by spiking neurons, and provides algorithms that under certain conditions can recover the stimuli with no error, by knowing only the time of the spike trains. In our model, we assume that N bandlimited input stimuli approach the dendritic trees of M spiking neurons. Each stimulus comes to a different branch of each dendritic tree, and each dendritic tree is modeled as a linear time invariant (LTI) filter. The outputs of all dendritic branches are summed together with a background current (bias), and this sum enters the soma of each neuron, which is modeled as an Integrate-and-Fire neuron. We prove that under certain conditions, it is possible to recover all N input spike trains, by knowing only the M spike trains, and provide an algorithm for that purpose. The proof comes from the mathematical theory of frames and the conditions require a minimum average spike density from the neurons and some mild conditions in the impulse responses of the dendritic branches/filters. We illustrate this algorithm with an example that recovers the stimuli when the dendritic branches perform arbitrary but known time-shifts to the signal. This particular example is important as it illustrates how information from sensory neurons that respond with different latencies, can be combined together. Finally, the model points to the significance of neural population codes, as it shows that data from a single neuron can be misleading in terms of what the input stimulus is. We illustrate this significant observation with an example
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A simple spiking retina model for exact video stimulus representation
A computational model for the representation of visual stimuli with a population of spiking neurons is presented. We show that under mild conditions it is possible to faithfully represent an analog video stream into a sequence of spike trains and provide an algorithm that recovers the video input by using only the spike times of the population. In our model an analog, bandlimited in time, video stream approaches the dendritic trees of a neural population. At each neuron, the multi-dimensional video input is filtered by the neuron's spatiotemporal receptive field, and the one-dimensional output dendritic current enters the soma of the neuron (see Figure 1). The set of the spatial receptive fields is modeled as a Gabor filterbank. The spike generation mechanism is threshold based: Each time the dendritic current exceeds a threshold a spike is fired and the membrane potential is reset by a negative potential through a negative feedback loop that gets triggered by the spike. This simple spike mechanism has been shown to accurately model the responses of various neurons in the early visual system 1. Figure 1 Encoding and decoding mechanisms for video stimuli: The stimulus is filtered by the receptive fields of the neurons and enters the soma Encoding and decoding mechanisms for video stimuli: The stimulus is filtered by the receptive fields of the neurons and enters the soma. Spike generation is threshold based and a negative feedback mechanism resets the membrane potential after each spike. In the decoding part each spike, represented by a delta pulse, is weighted by an appropriate coefficient and then filtered from the same receptive field for stimulus reconstruction. The total sum is passed from a low pass filter to recover the original input stimulus. We prove and demonstrate that we can recover the whole video stream based only on the knowledge of the spike times, provided that the size of the neural population is sufficiently big. Increasing the number of neurons to achieve better representation is consistent with basic neurobiological thought 2. Although very precise, the responses of visual neurons show some variability between subsequent stimulus repeats, which can be attributed to various noise sources 1. We examine the effect of noise on our algorithm and show that the reconstruction quality gracefully degrades when white noise is present at the input or at the feedback loop
Excitatory and Inhibitory Subnetworks Are Equally Selective during Decision-Making and Emerge Simultaneously during Learning
Inhibitory neurons, which play a critical role in decision-making models, are often simplified as a single pool of non-selective neurons lacking connection specificity. This assumption is supported by observations in the primary visual cortex: inhibitory neurons are broadly tuned in vivo and show non-specific connectivity in slice. The selectivity of excitatory and inhibitory neurons within decision circuits and, hence, the validity of decision-making models are unknown. We simultaneously measured excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the posterior parietal cortex of mice judging multisensory stimuli. Surprisingly, excitatory and inhibitory neurons were equally selective for the animalâs choice, both at the single-cell and population level. Further, both cell types exhibited similar changes in selectivity and temporal dynamics during learning, paralleling behavioral improvements. These observations, combined with modeling, argue against circuit architectures assuming non-selective inhibitory neurons. Instead, they argue for selective subnetworks of inhibitory and excitatory neurons that are shaped by experience to support expert decision-making
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