Optimism betrayed: The golden age of Mexican-Spanish relations, 1931-1939.

Mexico and Spain have had a long and complex relationship since the former achieved independence from the latter at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The two countries established diplomatic relations in 1836, yet it took almost a century before relations became meaningful and mutually beneficial. The establishment of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931 signified a new era in Spanish politics, and Spain's foreign policy towards the Americas adopted a more pragmatic and progressive approach. In particular, this led to a new era in transatlantic relations towards Mexico. During the next five years, Spain and Mexico developed amicable and cooperative social, economic and political ties. The military uprising in Spain in the summer of 1936 put the Spanish Republic's international relations to the test, revealing her true friends and allies. Mexico proved to be, beyond any doubt, Spain's firmest supporter, although the relationship was unable to counterbalance the influence of European Non- Intervention, and American neutrality. Mexican efforts to gather sympathy and support for the Republican cause in the League of Nations had little effect. Mexico, along with the Soviet Union, and the contribution of the International Brigades, represented the legitimate Spanish Government's only hope of international support. Other Latin American countries did not follow the example set by Mexican foreign policy towards Spain during the civil war. Nevertheless, Mexico's stance demonstrated its commitment to democracy, whilst at the same time, showing its independence from the United States. There was an intense interest in the fate of the Spanish Republic, and after its defeat in 1939, Mexico opened the doors to nearly 30, 000 Spanish Republican exiles. They made an important contribution to Mexican cultural life, and became a constant reminder that the Second Republic was truly a significant, though thwarted, step towards the establishment of a democratic regime in Spain

The HERMES-technologic and scientific pathfinder

HERMES-TP/SP (High Energy Rapid Modular Ensemble of Satellites Technologic and Scientific Pathfinder) is a constellation of six 3U nano-satellites hosting simple but innovative X-ray detectors, characterized by a large energy band and excellent temporal resolution, and thus optimized for the monitoring of Cosmic High Energy transients such as Gamma Ray Bursts and the electromagnetic counterparts of Gravitational Wave Events, and for the determination of their positions. The projects are funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research and by the Italian Space Agency, and by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant Agreement No. 821896. HERMES-TP/SP is an in-orbit demonstration, that should be tested starting from 2022. It is intrinsically a modular experiment that can be naturally expanded to provide a global, sensitive all sky monitor for high-energy transients

The scientific payload on-board the HERMES-TP and HERMES-SP CubeSat missions

none103siHERMES (High Energy Rapid Modular Ensemble of Satellites) Technological and Scientific pathfinder is a space borne mission based on a LEO constellation of nano-satellites. The 3U CubeSat buses host new miniaturized detectors to probe the temporal emission of bright high-energy transients such as Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). Fast transient localization, in a field of view of several steradians and with arcmin-level accuracy, is gained by comparing time delays among the same event detection epochs occurred on at least 3 nano-satellites. With a launch date in 2022, HERMES transient monitoring represents a keystone capability to complement the next generation of gravitational wave experiments. In this paper we will illustrate the HERMES payload design, highlighting the technical solutions adopted to allow a wide-energy-band and sensitive X-ray and gamma-ray detector to be accommodated in a CubeSat 1U volume together with its complete control electronics and data handling system.noneEvangelista, Yuri; Fiore, Fabrizio; Fuschino, Fabio; Campana, Riccardo; Ceraudo, Francesco; Demenev, Evgeny; Guzman, Alejandro; Labanti, Claudio; La Rosa, Giovanni; Fiorini, Mauro; Gandola, Massimo; Grassi, Marco; Mele, Filippo; Morgante, Gianluca; Nogara, Paolo; Piazzolla, Raffaele; Pliego Caballero, Samuel; Rashevskaya, Irina; Russo, Francesco; Sciarrone, Giulia; Sottile, Giuseppe; Milankovich, Dorottya; Pál, András; Ambrosino, Filippo; Auricchio, Natalia; Barbera, Marco; Bellutti, Pierluigi; Bertuccio, Giuseppe; Borghi, Giacomo; Cao, Jiewei; Chen, Tianxiang; Dilillo, Giuseppe; Feroci, Marco; Ficorella, Francesco; Lo Cicero, Ugo; Malcovati, Piero; Morbidini, Alfredo; Pauletta, Giovanni; Picciotto, Antonino; Rachevski, Alexandre; Santangelo, Andrea; Tenzer, Chistoph; Vacchi, Andrea; Wang, Lingjun; Xu, Yupeng; Zampa, Gianluigi; Zampa, Nicola; Zorzi, Nicola; Burderi, Luciano; Lavagna, Michèle; Bertacin, Roberto; Lunghi, Paolo; Monge, Angel; Negri, Barbara; Pirrotta, Simone; Puccetti, Simonetta; Sanna, Andrea; Amarilli, Fabrizio; Amelino-Camelia, Giovanni; Bechini, Michele; Citossi, Marco; Colagrossi, Andrea; Curzel, Serena; Della Casa, Giovanni; Cinelli, Marco; Del Santo, Melania; Di Salvo, Tiziana; Feruglio, Chiara; Ferrandi, Fabrizio; Fiorito, Michele; Gacnik, Dejan; Galgóczi, Gabor; Gambino, Angelo Francesco; Ghirlanda, Giancarlo; Gomboc, Andreja; Karlica, Mile; Efremov, Pavel; Kostic, Uros; Clerici, Aurora; Lopez Fernandez, Borja; Maselli, Alessandro; Nava, Lara; Ohno, Masanori; Ottolina, Daniele; Pasquale, Andrea; Perri, Matteo; Piccinin, Margherita; Prinetto, Jacopo; Riggio, Alessandro; Ripa, Jakub; Papitto, Alessandro; Piranomonte, Silvia; Scala, Francesca; Selcan, David; Silvestrini, Stefano; Rotovnik, Tomaz; Virgilli, Enrico; Troisi, Ivan; Werner, Norbert; Zanotti, Giovanni; Anitra, Alessio; Manca, Arianna; Clerici, AuroraEvangelista, Yuri; Fiore, Fabrizio; Fuschino, Fabio; Campana, Riccardo; Ceraudo, Francesco; Demenev, Evgeny; Guzman, Alejandro; Labanti, Claudio; La Rosa, Giovanni; Fiorini, Mauro; Gandola, Massimo; Grassi, Marco; Mele, Filippo; Morgante, Gianluca; Nogara, Paolo; Piazzolla, Raffaele; Pliego Caballero, Samuel; Rashevskaya, Irina; Russo, Francesco; Sciarrone, Giulia; Sottile, Giuseppe; Milankovich, Dorottya; Pál, András; Ambrosino, Filippo; Auricchio, Natalia; Barbera, Marco; Bellutti, Pierluigi; Bertuccio, Giuseppe; Borghi, Giacomo; Cao, Jiewei; Chen, Tianxiang; Dilillo, Giuseppe; Feroci, Marco; Ficorella, Francesco; Lo Cicero, Ugo; Malcovati, Piero; Morbidini, Alfredo; Pauletta, Giovanni; Picciotto, Antonino; Rachevski, Alexandre; Santangelo, Andrea; Tenzer, Chistoph; Vacchi, Andrea; Wang, Lingjun; Xu, Yupeng; Zampa, Gianluigi; Zampa, Nicola; Zorzi, Nicola; Burderi, Luciano; Lavagna, Michèle; Bertacin, Roberto; Lunghi, Paolo; Monge, Angel; Negri, Barbara; Pirrotta, Simone; Puccetti, Simonetta; Sanna, Andrea; Amarilli, Fabrizio; Amelino-Camelia, Giovanni; Bechini, Michele; Citossi, Marco; Colagrossi, Andrea; Curzel, Serena; Della Casa, Giovanni; Cinelli, Marco; Del Santo, Melania; Di Salvo, Tiziana; Feruglio, Chiara; Ferrandi, Fabrizio; Fiorito, Michele; Gacnik, Dejan; Galgóczi, Gabor; Gambino, Angelo Francesco; Ghirlanda, Giancarlo; Gomboc, Andreja; Karlica, Mile; Efremov, Pavel; Kostic, Uros; Clerici, Aurora; Lopez Fernandez, Borja; Maselli, Alessandro; Nava, Lara; Ohno, Masanori; Ottolina, Daniele; Pasquale, Andrea; Perri, Matteo; Piccinin, Margherita; Prinetto, Jacopo; Riggio, Alessandro; Ripa, Jakub; Papitto, Alessandro; Piranomonte, Silvia; Scala, Francesca; Selcan, David; Silvestrini, Stefano; Rotovnik, Tomaz; Virgilli, Enrico; Troisi, Ivan; Werner, Norbert; Zanotti, Giovanni; Anitra, Alessio; Manca, Arianna; Clerici, Auror

Timing techniques applied to distributed modular high-energy astronomy: the H.E.R.M.E.S. project

The association of GW170817 with GRB170817A proved that electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational wave events are the key to deeply understand the physics of NS-NS merges. Upgrades of the existing GW antennas and the construction of new ones will allow to increase sensitivity down to several hundred Mpc vastly increasing the number of possible electromagnetic counterparts. Monitoring of the hard X-ray/soft gamma-ray sky with good localisation capabilities will help to effectively tackle this problem allowing to fully exploit multi-messenger astronomy. However, building a high energy all-sky monitor with large collective area might be particularly challenging due to the need to place the detectors onboard satellites of limited size. Distributed astronomy is a simple and cheap solution to overcome this difficulty. Here we discuss in detail dedicated timing techniques that allow to precisely locate an astronomical event in the sky taking advantage of the spatial distribution of a swarm of detectors orbiting Earth

GrailQuest and HERMES: hunting for gravitational wave electromagnetic counterparts and probing space-time quantum foam

106nonenoneBurderi, Luciano; Di Salvo, Tiziana; Riggio, Alessandro; Gambino, Angelo Francesco; Sanna, Andrea; Fiore, Fabrizio; Amarilli, Fabrizio; Amati, Lorenzo; Ambrosino, Filippo; Amelino-Camelia, Giovanni; Anitra, Alessio; Barbera, Marco; Bechini, Michele; Bellutti, Paolo; Bertaccin, Roberto; Bertuccio, Giuseppe; Campana, Riccardo; Cao, Jiewei; Capozziello, Salvatore; Ceraudo, Francesco; Chen, Tianxiang; Cinelli, Marco; Citossi, Marco; Clerici, Aurora; Colagrossi, Andrea; Costa, Enrico; Curzel, Serena; De Laurentis, Mariafelicia; Della Casa, Giovanni; Della Valle, Massimo; Demenev, Evgeny; Del Santo, Melania; Dilillo, Giuseppe; Efremov, Pavel; Evangelista, Yuri; Feroci, Marco; Ferruglio, Chiara; Ferrandi, Fabrizio; Fiorini, Mauro; Fiorito, Michele; Frontera, Filippo; Fuschino, Fabio; Gacnik, Dejan; Galgoczi, Gabor; Gao, Na; Gandola, Massimo; Ghirlanda, Giancarlo; Gamboc, Andreja; Grassi, Marco; Guidorzi, Cristiano; Guzman, Alejandro; Iaria, Rosario; Karlica, Mile; Kostic, Uros; Labanti, Claudio; La Rosa, Giovanni; Lo Cicero, Ugo; Lopez Fernandez, Borja; Lunghi, Paolo; Malcovati, Piero; Maselli, Alessandro; Manca, Arianna; Mele, Filippo; Milankovich, Dorottya; Monge, Angel; Morgante, Gianluca; Nava, Lara; Negri, Barbara; Nogara, Paolo; Ohno, Masanori; Ottolina, Daniele; Pasquale, Andrea; Pal, Andras; Perri, Matteo; Piccinin, Margherita; Piazzolla, Raffaele; Pirrotta, Simone; Pliego-Caballero, Samuel; Prinetto, Jacopo; Pucacco, Giuseppe; Puccetti, Simonetta; Rapisarda, Massimo; Rashevskaya, Irina; Rashevsky, Alexander; Ripa, Jakub; Russo, Francesco; Papitto, Alessandro; Piranomonte, Silvia; Santangelo, Andrea; Scala, Francesca; Sciarrone, Giulia; Selcan, David; Silvestrini, Stefano; Sottile, Giuseppe; Rotovnik, Tomaz; Tenzer, Christoph; Troisi, Ivan; Vacchi, Andrea; Virgilli, Enrico; Werner, Norbert; Wang, Lingjun; Xu, Yupeng; Zampa, Gianluigi; Zampa, Nicola; Zane, Silvia; Zanotti, GiovanniBurderi, Luciano; Di Salvo, Tiziana; Riggio, Alessandro; Gambino, Angelo Francesco; Sanna, Andrea; Fiore, Fabrizio; Amarilli, Fabrizio; Amati, Lorenzo; Ambrosino, Filippo; Amelino-Camelia, Giovanni; Anitra, Alessio; Barbera, Marco; Bechini, Michele; Bellutti, Paolo; Bertaccin, Roberto; Bertuccio, Giuseppe; Campana, Riccardo; Cao, Jiewei; Capozziello, Salvatore; Ceraudo, Francesco; Chen, Tianxiang; Cinelli, Marco; Citossi, Marco; Clerici, Aurora; Colagrossi, Andrea; Costa, Enrico; Curzel, Serena; De Laurentis, Mariafelicia; Della Casa, Giovanni; Della Valle, Massimo; Demenev, Evgeny; Del Santo, Melania; Dilillo, Giuseppe; Efremov, Pavel; Evangelista, Yuri; Feroci, Marco; Ferruglio, Chiara; Ferrandi, Fabrizio; Fiorini, Mauro; Fiorito, Michele; Frontera, Filippo; Fuschino, Fabio; Gacnik, Dejan; Galgoczi, Gabor; Gao, Na; Gandola, Massimo; Ghirlanda, Giancarlo; Gamboc, Andreja; Grassi, Marco; Guidorzi, Cristiano; Guzman, Alejandro; Iaria, Rosario; Karlica, Mile; Kostic, Uros; Labanti, Claudio; La Rosa, Giovanni; Lo Cicero, Ugo; Lopez Fernandez, Borja; Lunghi, Paolo; Malcovati, Piero; Maselli, Alessandro; Manca, Arianna; Mele, Filippo; Milankovich, Dorottya; Monge, Angel; Morgante, Gianluca; Nava, Lara; Negri, Barbara; Nogara, Paolo; Ohno, Masanori; Ottolina, Daniele; Pasquale, Andrea; Pal, Andras; Perri, Matteo; Piccinin, Margherita; Piazzolla, Raffaele; Pirrotta, Simone; Pliego-Caballero, Samuel; Prinetto, Jacopo; Pucacco, Giuseppe; Puccetti, Simonetta; Rapisarda, Massimo; Rashevskaya, Irina; Rashevsky, Alexander; Ripa, Jakub; Russo, Francesco; Papitto, Alessandro; Piranomonte, Silvia; Santangelo, Andrea; Scala, Francesca; Sciarrone, Giulia; Selcan, David; Silvestrini, Stefano; Sottile, Giuseppe; Rotovnik, Tomaz; Tenzer, Christoph; Troisi, Ivan; Vacchi, Andrea; Virgilli, Enrico; Werner, Norbert; Wang, Lingjun; Xu, Yupeng; Zampa, Gianluigi; Zampa, Nicola; Zane, Silvia; Zanotti, Giovann

The enhanced x-ray timing and polarimetry mission – eXTP: an update on its scientific cases, mission profile and development status

The enhanced x-ray timing and polarimetry mission (eXTP) is a flagship observatory for x-ray timing, spectroscopy and polarimetry developed by an international consortium. Thanks to its very large collecting area, good spectral resolution and unprecedented polarimetry capabilities, eXTP will explore the properties of matter and the propagation of light in the most extreme conditions found in the universe. eXTP will, in addition, be a powerful x-ray observatory. The mission will continuously monitor the x-ray sky, and will enable multi-wavelength and multi-messenger studies. The mission is currently in phase B, which will be completed in the middle of 2022

Neotropical freshwater fisheries : A dataset of occurrence and abundance of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications