La réforme du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies

L’adoption de la Charte des Nations unies à San Francisco le 26 juin 1945 et son entrée en vigueur le 24 octobre de la même année a matérialisé la volonté des Vainqueurs d'éviter une troisième catastrophe à l'humanité. Cet accord a eu la bénédiction des super puissances et scellé la naissance d'une Organisation à vocation universelle qu'est l'ONU, susceptible de faire asseoir des instruments nécessaires pour pallier aux manquements de la défunte SDN. Aussi, cette naissance est perçue comme le parachèvement de l'évolution du droit international, ayant édifié, non seulement une structure plus solide, mais aussi capable d'encadrer l'usage de la force par les États. Par ailleurs, cet encadrement est confié au Conseil de sécurité, son organe le plus puissant dans la mesure où il est le seul compétent pour constater la violation par un État de ses obligations en matière de respect de la paix et de la sécurité internationales. Cependant, les critiques sont de plus en plus nombreuses à son égard. En effet, dans son ossature actuelle, il paraît obsolète, car n'est pas en phase avec les réalités géopolitiques et économiques du moment. Depuis plusieurs décennies, des propositions de réforme ont été suggérées sans pourtant parvenir à un consensus au niveau des États membres, plus spécifiquement des membres permanents du Conseil. Ce mémoire vise premièrement à effectuer une analyse des différentes propositions puis deuxièmement à présenter une formule de « sortie de crise ». Des deux types de propositions que nous avons identifiés (Groupes de travail vs Groupes d'États), à l'exception de l'équipe « Unis pour le consensus », préconisent à l'unanimité la modification de la catégorie des membres permanents. Notre analyse révèle que les principaux privilèges, à savoir le droit de véto et la permanence au Conseil de sécurité constituent les points d'achoppement de la réforme dans la mesure où leur modification reviendrait à amoindrir les prérogatives du club des cinq. À cet effet, nous courons le risque de nous engager dans une solution utopique. Pour notre part, nous avons souhaité la solution de la « régionalisation de la sécurité », c'est-à-dire, confier les opérations de maintien de la paix et de la sécurité de chacune des régions du monde à son organisation correspondante. Pour y parvenir, il est primordial de renforcer les pouvoirs desdites organisations, afin d'avoir toute l'autonomie nécessaire dans les prises de décisions dans la prévention et la gestion de ces différents conflits régionaux.The adoption of the Charter of the United Nations in San Francisco on June 26, 1945 and its entry into force on October 24 of the same year have materialized the will of the winners of World War II to avoid a third catastrophe to humankind. The Charter had the blessing of the great powers and sealed the birth of an organization that would replace the defunct League of Nations and be authentically universal. The birth of the UN was also seen as the completion of the development of international law in relation to the use of force by States. The jurisdiction on such an issue was granted to the Security Council, the most powerful organ of the UN. It is the only jurisdiction competent to decide on a breach by a State of its obligations in respect to peace and international security. However, in its current structure, the Security Council is not in line with the geopolitical and economic realities of the new international community and seems thus obsolete. For several decades, reform proposals have been put forward by States or groups of States. Yet no consensus has been reached, and particularly among the permanent members of the Council. This thesis carries out an analysis of the different proposals for the reform of the Security Council. With the exception of the team " Uniting for Consensus " initiative, several proposals recommend changing the permanent membership category. Our analysis shows that the privileges granted to the permanent members, namely the right of veto and the permanent status at the Security Council, are the sticking points of the reform as any change would be to undermine the prerogatives of the Famous Five. After an analysis of these proposals, a solution promoting the "regionalization of peace and security" and the granting of jurisdiction of peacekeeping and security operations to regional organizations is brought forward. To achieve this, it is essential to strengthen the powers of these organizations and grant them with the autonomy necessary to allow them to prevent and manage regional conflicts

Transdermal fentanyl for the treatment of pain caused by osteoarthritis of the knee or hip: an open, multicentre study

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to evaluate the utility of transdermal fentanyl (TDF, Durogesic(®)) for the treatment of pain due to osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee or hip, which was not adequately controlled by non-opioid analgesics or weak opioids. The second part of the trial, investigating TDF in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is reported separately. METHODS: Current analgesia was optimised during a 1-week run-in. Patients then received 28 days treatment with TDF starting at 25 μg/hr, with the option to increase the dose until adequate pain control was achieved. Metoclopramide was taken during the first week and then as needed. RESULTS: Of the 159 patients recruited, 75 with OA knee and 44 with OA hip completed the treatment phase, 30 knee and 18 hip patients entered the one-week taper-off phase. The most frequently used maximum dose of TDF was 25 μg/hr. The number of patients with adequate pain control increased during the run-in period from 4% to 27%, and further increased during TDF treatment to 88% on day 28. From baseline to endpoint, there were significant reductions in pain (p < 0.001) and improvements in functioning (p < 0.001) and physical (p < 0.001) and mental (p < 0.05) health. Scores for 'pain right now' decreased significantly within 24 hours of starting TDF treatment. TDF was assessed favourably and 84% of patients would recommend it for OA-related pain. Nausea and vomiting were the most common adverse events (reported by 32% and 26% of patients respectively), despite prophylaxis with metoclopramide, which showed limited efficacy in this setting. CONCLUSION: TDF significantly increased pain control, and improved functioning and quality of life. Metoclopramide appeared to be of limited value in preventing nausea and vomiting; more effective anti-emetic treatment may enable more people to benefit from strong opioids such as TDF. This study suggests that four weeks is a reasonable period to test the benefit of adding TDF to improve pain control in OA patients and that discontinuing therapy in cases of limited benefit creates no major obstacles

Copyright Duration and the Supply of Creative Work: Evidence from the Movies

10.4337/9780857932587Comparative Law and Economic

<i>Nodularia spumigena</i> blooms and the occurrence of hepatotoxin in the Gulf of Gda&#324;sk

<i>Nodularia spumigena</i> forms extensive summer blooms in the Baltic Sea. The occurrence of the blooms is determined by water temperature, light intensity and nutrient concentration; levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in particular are critical. The time of the seasonal maximum and intensity of the <i>Nodularia</i> bloomin the Gulf of Gdansk vary significantly from year to year. In2001 a rapid and massive proliferation of <i>N. spumigena</i>was observed in late June - early July. The concentration ofnodularin in water ranged from 90 to 18135 µg dm^-3and in lyophilised phytoplankton samples from 3000 to 3520µg g^-1 d.w. (dry weight).Such a high concentration of toxin in the recreational watersof the Gulf of Gdansk constitutes a health risk for users ofbathing areas. In 2002, the <i>N. spumigena</i> bloom wasless dense, but lasted longer, with a maximum in late July- early August. In 2002 the concentration of nodularin did notexceed 12.6 µg dm^-3 in water and 919 µg g^-1d.w. in lyophilised phytoplankton samples. Other cyanobacterial toxins- microcystins and anatoxin-a - were also detected in the coastal waters ofthe Gulf of Gdansk

OSH management framework for workers at construction sites in Sri Lanka

This study attempts to identify a simple and efficient framework to be implemented in the Sri Lankan construction industry to inculcate a "safety and healthy" working environment for its workforce

Age of marriage and divorce: Evidence from China’s heating policy

2016 Summer Conference, Research Committee on Social Stratification and Mobility (RC28)1-4