Time shift of wind influence on the movement of surface water masses in the Szczecin lagoon

PURPOSE: The study's specific objectives were to analyze the interaction between the prevailing hydrometeorological conditions and the trajectory of water layer movement in the Szczecin Lagoon (southern Baltic, Poland).DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Research experiments verifying the drift movement trajectory under various hydrometeorological conditions were carried out in the Szczecin Lagoon. In the presented analysis, 17 fragments from ten drift trajectories were selected, in which there was a clear time shift in the influence of the wind direction on the change of the drifting direction. Statistical analysis of directional and linear data allowed us to link the directions and speeds of drifters moving with the wind parameters recorded in two places, Świnoujście and Trzebież, with an appropriate time shift.FINDINGS: As a result of the research, it was found that the change of the wind direction influences the direction change of the flow of surface waters in the Szczecinski Lagoon with an unavoidable delay. A significant correlation was found between the speed of changes in the wind direction and the initial wind direction. A relationship was also shown between the distance of the test site from the weather station and the registered wind direction change.ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The presented relationships between some fundamental processes in the energy transfer between wind and water surface may be beneficial for the maritime administration, which is responsible for the safety of navigation in the studied water area. The analysis results can be used in SAR actions and to project the track of water pollutants.This research outcome has been achieved under research projects No 1/S/INM/18 and 1/S/RN/22, financed with a subsidy from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education for statutory activities.peer-reviewe

The use of neural networks for modeling the movement of surface water masses in enclosed sea areas

PURPOSE: The article presents the use of neural networks to predict the parameters of the movement of surface water masses in enclosed sea areas.DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The input data were meteorological parameters recorded at the stations Trzebież and Świnoujscie. The output data were the parameters of moving drifters, obtained because of an experiment in 2018 in the waters of the Szczecin Lagoon. The model uses Multi-Layer Perceptron networks with different activation functions. As a criterion for selecting the best networks, the highest correlation statistics for the test and validation sample were used.FINDINGS: As a result of the research, predictions of the speed and direction of surface water masses were obtained based on the meteorological conditions recorded on the outskirts of the studied reservoir.ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The presented research is a new application of artificial neural networks in security in restricted waters. The results obtained in the study may be beneficial for the maritime administration, which is responsible for the safety of navigation in the studied water area. The model can be used to design a survivor's route or a contamination route.This research outcome has been achieved under research projects No 1/S/INM/18 and 1/S/IMFiCH/21 financed with a subsidy from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education for statutory activities.peer-reviewe

GNSS-ISE: Instruction Set Extension for GNSS Baseband Processing

This work presents the results of research toward designing an instruction set extension dedicated to Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) baseband processing. The paper describes the state-of-the-art techniques of GNSS receiver implementation. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Against this background, a new versatile instruction set extension for GNSS baseband processing is presented. The authors introduce improved mechanisms for instruction set generation focused on multi-channel processing. The analytical approach used by the authors leads to the introduction of a GNSS-instruction set extension (ISE) for GNSS baseband processing. The developed GNSS-ISE is simulated extensively using PC software and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) emulation. Finally, the developed GNSS-ISE is incorporated into the first-in-the-world, according to the authors’ best knowledge, integrated, multi-frequency, and multi-constellation microcontroller with embedded flash memory. Additionally, this microcontroller may serve as an application processor, which is a unique feature. The presented results show the feasibility of implementing the GNSS-ISE into an embedded microprocessor system and its capability of performing baseband processing. The developed GNSS-ISE can be implemented in a wide range of applications including smart IoT (internet of things) devices or remote sensors, fostering the adaptation of multi-frequency and multi-constellation GNSS receivers to the low-cost consumer mass-market

Variable Delayed Dual-Core Lockstep (VDCLS) Processor for Safety and Security Applications

Dual-Core Lockstep (DCLS) is one of the most commonly used techniques in applications requiring functional safety. As the semiconductor process nodes keep shrinking, the DCLS technique is also more and more frequently seen in industrial or even consumer electronics. The paper presents the novel approach to the DCLS technique. While the typical approach is to set the slave core delay as a fixed number of clock cycles, we allow the checker core to run freely behind the main core within the constrained boundaries of clock cycles. This increases the temporal diversity needed for common mode failure mitigation. The system integrity provided by DCLS may also be used in the area of security applications. In this paper, we show that the proposed Variable Delayed Dual-Core Lockstep technique can flatten the power consumption correlation between the running cores, essential for a wide range of attacks. The proposed technique was implemented in the RISC-V processor core and verified in the Xilinx VCU108 FPGA platform

Analysis of wind and drifter movement parameters in terms of navigation safety : the example of Szczecin lagoon

Purpose: The article presents a comparative analysis of the drift movement in the water area of Szczecin Lagoon (southern Baltic, Poland) and wind parameters in the examined region for the dry summer season. Design/Methodology/Approach: Experimental tests were conducted to determine the relationship between the drifter movement parameters and wind parameters in Szczecin Lagoon area. A set of surface drifters was designed for the experimental study at the Maritime University of Szczecin. Drifters were custom-made to track surface currents. In situ experiments were performed from the end of June till mid-October 2018. Statistical analysis of directional and linear data allowed to link the directions and speeds of moving drifters with wind parameters recorded in two places, Świnoujscie and Trzebież. Findings: As a result of the conducted research, it was ascertained that the direction and speed of air masses flow are parameters that strongly affect the movement of surface waters of Szczecin Lagoon. A significant correlation was found between the wind direction and the drift direction. The coefficient of surface drift was also specified to determine the relationship between drift speed and wind speed. Originality/value: The presented research is a complete novelty in the area of the Szczecin Lagoon. The results obtained in the study may be beneficial for the maritime administration, which is responsible for the safety of navigation in the studied water area. The analysis can be used for projecting the track of pollutants in water.peer-reviewe

Research into leeways in the regions of the Świnoujście– Szczecin fairway on the Szczecin Lagoon

The paper analyzes the influence of air mass movement on moving (the leeway) surface water in the Świnoujście–Szczecin fairway region on the Szczecin Lagoon. The Szczecin Lagoon includes waters of the Odra River estuary (Poland’s second largest river) and the southern Baltic Sea. To calculate the leeway parameters, a relevant surface drifter was outlined and constructed. The data on the leeway of the drifter was obtained from in-situ experiments conducted on the Szczecin Lagoon in the summer of 2018. In turn, the air mass movement data was recorded at meteorological stations in Trzebież and Świnoujście. A statistical analysis of the leeway parameters of the drifter was also presented. Distributions of the leeway and wind speeds in the Świnoujście–Szczecin fairway regions were established. Moreover, linear regressions between the leeway and wind parameters were performed by decomposing the leeway into its downwind and crosswind components for each 10-minute sample. It is worth highlighting that relationships between these components of the leeway and wind parameters were studied for weak, medium, and stronger winds. This research may be useful for increasing navigation safety in the Świnoujście–Szczecin fairway regions on the Szczecin Lagoon

NaviSoC: High-Accuracy Low-Power GNSS SoC with an Integrated Application Processor

A dual-frequency all-in-one Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver with a multi-core 32-bit RISC (reduced instruction set computing) application processor was integrated and manufactured as a System-on-Chip (SoC) in a 110 nm CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) process. The GNSS RF (radio frequency) front-end with baseband navigation engine is able to receive, simultaneously, Galileo (European Global Satellite Navigation System) E1/E5ab, GPS (US Global Positioning System) L1/L1C/L5, BeiDou (Chinese Navigation Satellite System) B1/B2, GLONASS (GLObal NAvigation Satellite System of Russian Government) L1/L3/L5, QZSS (Quasi-Zenith Satellite System development by the Japanese government) L1/L5 and IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System) L5, as well as all SBAS (Satellite Based Augmentation System) signals. The ability of the GNSS to detect such a broad range of signals allows for high-accuracy positioning. The whole SoC (system-on-chip), which is connected to a small passive antenna, provides precise position, velocity and time or raw GNSS data for hybridization with the IMU (inertial measurement unit) without the need for an external application processor. Additionally, user application can be executed directly in the SoC. It works in the −40 to +105 °C temperature range with a 1.5 V supply. The assembled test-chip takes 100 pins in a QFN (quad-flat no-leads) package and needs only a quartz crystal for the on-chip reference clock driver and optional SAW (surface acoustic wave) filters. The radio performance for both wideband (52 MHz) channels centered at L1/E1 and L5/E5 is NF = 2.3 dB, G = 131 dB, with 121 dBc/Hz of phase noise @ 1 MHz offset from the carrier, consumes 35 mW and occupies a 4.5 mm2 silicon area. The SoC reported in the paper is the first ever dual-frequency single-chip GNSS receiver equipped with a multi-core application microcontroller integrated with embedded flash memory for the user application program