Nonlinear Effects in the TGB_A Phase

We study the nonlinear interactions in the TGB_A phase by using a rotationally invariant elastic free energy. By deforming a single grain boundary so that the smectic layers undergo their rotation within a finite interval, we construct a consistent three-dimensional structure. With this structure we study the energetics and predict the ratio between the intragrain and intergrain defect spacing, and compare our results with those from linear elasticity and experiment.Comment: 4 pages, RevTeX, 2 included eps figure

Magneto-optic dynamics in a ferromagnetic nematic liquid crystal

We investigate dynamic magneto-optic effects in a ferromagnetic nematic liquid crystal experimentally and theoretically. Experimentally we measure the magnetization and the phase difference of the transmitted light when an external magnetic field is applied. As a model we study the coupled dynamics of the magnetization, M, and the director field, n, associated with the liquid crystalline orientational order. We demonstrate that the experimentally studied macroscopic dynamic behavior reveals the importance of a dynamic cross-coupling between M and n. The experimental data are used to extract the value of the dissipative cross-coupling coefficient. We also make concrete predictions about how reversible cross-coupling terms between the magnetization and the director could be detected experimentally by measurements of the transmitted light intensity as well as by analyzing the azimuthal angle of the magnetization and the director out of the plane spanned by the anchoring axis and the external magnetic field. We derive the eigenmodes of the coupled system and study their relaxation rates. We show that in the usual experimental set-up used for measuring the relaxation rates of the splay-bend or twist-bend eigenmodes of a nematic liquid crystal one expects for a ferromagnetic nematic liquid crystal a mixture of at least two eigenmodes.Comment: 20 pages, 23 figures, 42 reference

Convective Nonlinearity in Non-Newtonian Fluids

In the limit of infinite yield time for stresses, the hydrodynamic equations for viscoelastic, Non-Newtonian liquids such as polymer melts must reduce to that for solids. This piece of information suffices to uniquely determine the nonlinear convective derivative, an ongoing point of contention in the rheology literature.Comment: 4 page

Pattern formation in ferrogels: analysis of the Rosensweig instability using the energy method,”

Abstract We present a nonlinear description of the Rosensweig instability in isotropic magnetic gels based on the energy minimizing method used by Gailitis to describe the Rosensweig instability in typical ferrofluids. We extend his discussion to media with elastic degrees of freedom, assuming the shear modulus as a perturbation to the pure fluid case. We study the relative stability of the regular planforms of stripes, squares and hexagons as a function of the elastic shear modulus

Inverse Lehmann effects can be used as a microscopic pump

For cholesteric and chiral smectic liquid crystals a rotation of the helical superstructure can be induced for suitable boundary conditions for external fields such as temperature gradients and electric fields: The Lehmann effect. Here we predict that the inverse effect can lead to a pump for particles and ions on a length scale of microns: When a spatial pattern such as a phase winding pattern or a spiral is generated, for example, for a freely suspended smectic C * film, a concentration current arises. We also point out, that this concentration current is, under suitable experimental conditions, accompanied by a heat current and/or an electric current. Similar effects are expected for cholesterics, smectic F * and I * as well as for Langmuir monolayers, since all these systems share the property of macroscopic chirality

Influence of Sedimentation on Convective Instabilities in Colloidal Suspensions

We investigate theoretically the bifurcation scenario for colloidal suspensions subject to a vertical temperature gradient taking into account the effect of sedimentation. In contrast to molecular binary mixtures, here the thermal relaxation time is much shorter than that for concentration fluctuations. This allows for differently prepared ground states, where a concentration profile due to sedimentation and/or the Soret effect has been established or not. This gives rise to different linear instability behaviors, which are manifest in the temporal evolution into the final, generally stationary convective state. In a certain range above a rather high barometric number there is a coexistence between the quiescent state and the stationary convective one, allowing for a hysteretic scenario.Comment: to appear in Int. J. Bif. Chao

Macroscopic Properties of Smectic C G Liquid Crystals

Abstract. We discuss the macroscopic behavior of smectic CG liquid crystals. Smectic CG is the most general tilted smectic phase that is fluid in the layers. It is characterized by global C1 symmetry. Consequently, it is ferroelectric, pyroelectric and piezoelectric, opening up a number of possible applications for such a phase. As smectic CG-phase has a macroscopic hand due to its structure, it is a natural candidate to explain the recent experimental observations of left and right-handed helices in a system composed of achiral molecules. We also discuss critically to what extent smectic CG could be important for liquid crystalline phases formed by banana-shaped molecules. Phase transitions involving a smectic CG phase and defects of its in-plane director are briefly discussed. PAC