Forest, forest, forest. Sometimes we sleep. Walking, sleep, walking, sleep. It’s dangerous on this way. Naoružani migrantski krajolici na periferiji Europske unije

Hidden migrant routes through Croatia lead through forest areas (among other types of terrain) which include those along state borders, but also forests in the interior of the territory. Those forests can variously be seen as shelters for migrants, albeit harsh, or as green tunnels leading to desired destinations, and as scenes of suffering and violence. This article approaches the forests in question as landscapes that have been transformed from a neutral natural environment into active factors for creating and maintaining border control regimes and deterring and expelling unwanted migrants. Based on our long-term field research and publicly available (archival, media and other) sources, we seek to document, interpret, and interconnect the objects and practices involved in constructing the forest as a hostile terrain and perilous environment for migrants, and as an important element in controlling unwanted migrations. These are, on the one hand, objects and practices that intervene into forests, such as setting up cameras or cutting down trees, and, on the other, interventions that take place in forests, such as police interception or expulsion. Apart from these external interventions, in this context of remodeling forests into dangerous environments, one can also discuss the role of nature itself and its characteristics, as well as the causes of why migrants find themselves in nature in the first place. Although, at first glance, it seems that people on the move choose the forest as the place and route of their movement of their own volition, they are pushed and expelled into these forests by exclusionary policies (visa regimes, asylum systems, etc.). This, ultimately, classifies forests in Croatia as weaponized landscapes of exclusion and death, such as the desert (e.g., De León 2015), mountain (Del Biaggio et al. 2020), maritime (e.g., Albahari 2015) or archipelago (Mountz 2017) landscapes.Skriveni migrantski putevi kroz Hrvatsku vode, među ostalim, i kroz šumske predjele koji uključuju šumska područja uz državne granice, ali i šume u unutrašnjosti teritorija. Šume se može vidjeti kao, makar i surova, skloništa za migrante ili kao zelene tunele koji vode do željenih odredišta, ali i kao poprišta stradanja i nasilja. Članak šumama o kojima je riječ pristupa kao krajolicima koji su od nepristranog prirodnog okoliša pretvoreni u aktivne činitelje stvaranja i održavanja režima kontrole granice, odvraćanja i istjerivanja neželjenih migranata. Na temelju višegodišnjih terenskih istraživanja i javno dostupnih (arhivskih, medijskih i drugih) izvora nastojimo dokumentirati, interpretirati i povezati predmete i prakse koji sudjeluju u konstruiranju šume kao neprijateljskog terena i opasnog okruženja za migrante i kao važnog elementa u kontroli neželjenih migracija. Riječ je s jedne strane o predmetima i praksama kojima se intervenira u šume, poput postavljanja kamera ili sječe stabala te s druge strane o intervencijama u šumama, poput policijskog presretanja ili protjerivanja. Osim o tim intervencijama izvana u kontekstu kreiranja šume kao opasnog okruženja može se govoriti i o ulozi same prirode i njezinih osobina, kao i o uzrocima migrantskog bivanja u prirodi. Iako se na prvi pogled čini da ljudi u pokretu sami biraju šumu za mjesto i trasu svojeg kretanja, oni su politikama isključenja (viznim režimom, azilnim sustavom i dr.) u nju gurnuti i istjerani. Time se, u konačnici, i šume u Hrvatskoj svrstavaju u naoružane krajolike isključenja i smrti poput onih pustinjskih (npr. De León 2015), planinskih (Del Biaggio et al. 2020), maritimnih (npr. Albahari 2015) ili arhipelaških (npr. Mountz 2017)

JESAM LI BILA NA TERENU? O ETNOGRAFIJI ELEKTRONIČKOG DOPISIVANJA

The author examines the possibilities of defining her own research of electronic correspondence as fieldwork, and describes and interprets certain aspects and stages of that research. She deals with two connected aspects of fieldwork research: the issue of physical groundedness of the field and the issue of her relationship with "the subjects of the research" – placing them in a context of researching an Internet topic, email.Propitujući mogućnost određenja vlastitog istraživanja elektroničkog dopisivanja kao terenskog, autorica opisuje i interpretira pojedine aspekte i faze toga istraživanja. Bavi se dvama međusobno povezanim aspektima terenskog istraživačkog rada – pitanjem fizičkog utemeljenja terena i pitanjem odnosa sa "subjektima istraživanja" – smještajući ih u kontekst istraživanja jedne internetske teme, elektroničke pošte

Every Mother Breastfeeds Her Child, Only if She Has Enough Milk: How We Read the Ethnographic Accounts from the Turn of the 19th to the 20th Century

Etnografski zapisi s kraja 19. i početka 20. stoljeća, nastali u suglasju s Osnovom za sabiranje i proučavanje građe o narodnom životu te objavljeni u Zborniku za narodni život i običaje južnih Slavena, nude mogućnost razgradnje popularnog narativa o zlatnom dobu dojenja u prošlosti, prije razvoja industrije dojenačkih mliječnih pripravaka, te podupiru razumijevanje dojenja, suprotno diskursima o njegovoj prirodnosti, kao kulturno i društveno utemeljene prakse. Na temelju čitanja spomenutih etnografskih zapisa ovaj se tekst bavi odstupanjima od norme postavljene u Osnovi, a prihvaćene i u stručnoj literaturi, po kojoj (u seoskoj sredini na prijelazu stoljeća) (svaka) majka doji svoje dijete. Tekst se tako bavi problemima vezanim za dojenje i laktaciju s kojima su se susretale majke novorođenčadi i dojenčadi te tzv. umjetnom prehranom najmanje djece, a upućuje i na prakse davanja djeteta na dojenje, kombiniranja ženskog rada i brige o malome djetetu i sl. što sve govori i o uvjetima u kojima se dojenje odvijalo a koji su bili, za žene i djecu, izrazito nepovoljni. Tekst također upućuje na potencijal povezivanja uvida koje nudi Zbornik za narodni život i običaje sa suvremenim diskursima o dojenju.Ethnographic accounts from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century that were written in accordance with the Osnova za sabiranje i proučavanje građe o narodnom životu (Foundations for Collecting and Studying Materials about Folk Life) and published in the Zbornik za narodni život i običaje južnih Slavena (Journal of Folk Life and Traditions of South Slavs) offer a possibility to explore contemporary narratives about the golden age of breastfeeding in the past, before the development of infant food industry. Based on the reading of these accounts, this paper deals with divergences from the norm as defined in the Osnova (Foundations) and accepted in the professional literature, according to which (in rural areas at the turn of the century) (each) mother breastfed her child. The paper deals with breastfeeding and lactation problems encountered by mothers of newborns and infants, the so-called artificial feeding, and also points to the practice of wet-nursing, combining women’s work with caring for infants, etc. which reveals the social context of breastfeeding that was often extremely disadvantageous for the mother and the child. The paper also shows the potential of connecting the insights offered in the Journal of Folk Life and Traditions of South Slavs with contemporary breastfeeding discourses

DOES IT HAPPEN THAT A WOMAN DOES NOT BREASTFEED A CHILD BY HERSELF? THEN WHO IS BREASTFEEDING A CHILD? ETHNOGRAPHIC ACCOUNTS FROM THE ZBORNIK ZA NARODNI ŽIVOT I OBIČAJE JUŽNIH SLAVENA (JOURNAL OF FOLK LIFE AND TRADITIONS OF SOUTH SLAVS)

U ovom se radu na temelju etnografskih zapisa nastalih u suglasju s Osnovom za sabiranje i proučavanje građe o narodnom životu iz 1897. nastoje dati obrisi osobite prakse vezane uz dojenje djeteta u seoskoj sredini na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljeće. Riječ je o dojenju tuđeg djeteta, odnosno o prepuštanju dojenja ženi koja nije djetetova majka. Etnografskim zapisima iz Zbornika za narodni život i običaje južnih Slavena koji su, s ponekim retrospektivnim uvidima, uglavnom usmjereni na ondašnju suvremenost, pristupa se kao izvorima za etnologiju i povijest svakodnevice. Međusobno povezujući odlomke o dojenju iz različitih zborničkih zapisa, ali i one koji se na dojenje referiraju posredno, tekst među ostalim upućuje na važnost razlikovanja između kontinuiranog davanja djeteta na dojenje zbog bolesti majke ili njezinih problema s dojenjem i povremenog prepuštanja dojenja ženi koja nije djetetova majka poradi majčine privremene, kratkotrajne odsutnosti. Tekst se zanima i pitanjem (materijalne) naknade za dojenje ili njezinim izostankom te, s time povezano, odnosom između nastojanja na zaradi s jedne strane i solidarnosti s druge te eventualnom profesionalizacijom dojenja koja pitanjima iz Osnove nije obuhvaćena, a u samim zapisima je tek naznačena.Based on a reading of the ethnographic accounts that were written in accordance with the Osnova za sabiranje i proučavanje građe o narodnom životu (Foundations for Collecting and Studying Materials about Folk Life) published in 1897, this paper attempts to outline some of the features of wet-nursing as specific breastfeeding related practices in rural areas at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century. Ethnographic accounts published in the Zbornik za narodni život i običaje južnih Slavena (Journal of Folk Life and Traditions of South Slavs) that are, with some retrospective insights, mainly focused on what were then contemporary practices, are approached in this paper as sources of the ethnology and the history of everyday life. Through connecting passages on breastfeeding and also passages that refer indirectly to breastfeeding, this paper underlines the importance of differentiation between the practices of regular wet-nursing (caused by a mother’s illness or her problems with breastfeeding) and occasional wet-nursing (because of a mother’s temporary, short-term absence). This paper also deals with the issue of (material) compensation for wet-nursing and, connected to this, with the relation between women’s efforts to earn an income on the one hand and women’s solidarity on the other. It also deals with the issue of the professionalization of wet-nursing that is not covered in the questions from Osnova (Foundations for Collecting and Studying Materials about Folk Life) and is only indicated in ethnographic accounts from the Zbornik (Journal of Folk Life and Traditions of South Slavs)

PUTTING IDENTITY TO THE TEST: ABOUT ANONYMITY AND PSEUDO-ANONYMITY ON THE WEB-FORUM

U radu se autorica bavi temom samoimenovanja – odabira korisnčkih imena – u forumskoj razmjeni na temelju praćenja nekoliko domaćih web-foruma namijenjenih pripadnicima seksualnih i rodnih manjina, a u vezi s temom identitetske igre i navodne internetske anonimnosti. Unatoč utemeljenim kritikama identitetske igre kojima, kao i samoj zamisli o identitetskoj igri, u radu posvećuje određenu pažnju, autorica upućuje na vrijednost jedne od varijanti identitetskog eksperimentiranja u osobitom internetskom okruženju, onom posvećenom seksualnim manjinama. Riječ je o iskušavanju identiteta, odnosno pojedinih njegovih aspekata koji su u takozvanom stvarnom životu prikriveni ili modificirani. Uvodi i zamisao o simboličnom iskoraku na mreži te o različitim razinama anonimnosti u forumskoj razmjeni.The author deals in this paper with the theme of self-designation – in selection of a user name – in forum exchange, basing her research on monitoring several domestic web-forums intended for members of sexual and gender minorities, from the aspect of the theme of identity games and ostensible Internet anonymity. Despite well founded criticism of identity games to which she devotes certain attention, as well as to the thought itself of the identity game, the author indicates the worth of one of the variants of identity experimentation in a particular Internet environment, the one dedicated to sexual minorities. This is an instance of putting identity to the test and/or its individual aspects that are hidden or modified in the so-called real world. She also introduces the notion of symbolic coming out on the net as well as considering various levels of anonymity in forum exchange

ETHNOGRAPHY OF WRITING: ON CERTAIN LINGUISTIC AND GENRE CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRONIC MESSAGES / LETTERS

Kao dio većeg rada posvećenog etnografiji elektroničkog dopisivanja tekst se bavi jezičnim aspektom praksi vezanih za uporabu elektroničke pošte. U njemu se, na temelju autoričine arhive elektroničke pošte, opisuju pojedine jezične i žanrovske osobine elektroničkih poruka, poput uvodnih i zaključnih pozdrava, načina citiranja, osobite uporabe interpunkcijskih znakova, a rad se, kao dio etnografije pisanja, zanima i korisničkim razmišljanjima o jeziku i žanru tekstova elektroničke pošte. S obzirom na različite vrijednosne sudove o jeziku elektroničke pošte, tekst se dotiče pitanja navodnog osiromašenja jezika u elektroničkom mediju te također pitanja o takozvanom usmenom karakteru elektroničke pošte.As part of broader research devoted to the ethnography of electronic correspondence, the text deals with the linguistic aspect of practice linked with the use of electronic mail. On the basis of the author\u27s electronic post archive, the article describes individual linguistic and genre characteristics of electronic messages, such as the opening and concluding greetings, the manner in which quotes are given, particular use of punctuation marks, and, as part of the ethnography of writing, also demonstrates interest in user thoughts on the language and genre of electronic postal texts. Due to the diverse value-judgements existing regarding the language of e-mail, the text touches on the question of the ostensible impoverishment of language in the electronic media and also on that of the so-called oral character of e-mail