Svemirska tamna energija

U svjetlu novih empiričkih podataka, razmatrana su pitanja ravne geometrije i ubrzanog širenja za standardni model svemira. Također je raspravljeno o mogućim teorijskim rješenjima problema tamne tvari, tamne energije i kozmološke konstante

The Design Argument – Anthropic Principle

Argumenti plana nastoje prepoznati različita empirijska svojstva svijeta kao evidenciju inteligentnog nacrta te zaključuju kako je Božja opstojnost najbolje objašnjenje tih svojstava. Svijet pokazuje visoki stupanj reda i koherencije, što vodi do zaključka kako je svemir napravljen po nekom planu, nacrtu. Nacrta nema bez crtača, dizajna bez dizajnera. Dizajner svijeta je Bog. Dvojbeni pristup Humea i Kanta argumentu plana imao je i svoj odjek u tom vremenu. Darwin (19. st.) razvija teoriju evolucije o razvoju vrsta i prirodnoj selekciji živih organizama. Mnogi misle kako je poznati Paleyev oblik argumenta plana (ako bismo u šetnji na nekoj livadi našli sat, razumno bi bilo zaključiti da je morao imati izumitelja, konstruktora) ozbiljno oslabio vjerojatnost ispravnosti teorije evolucije o prirodnoj selekciji. Antropijski princip ili argument "finog ugađanja" u svemiru može se također prikazati kao argument plana: ako bi se svemir i sasvim malo razlikovao od sadašnjeg, nas ne bi bilo ovdje. Drži se da je svemir uređen na temelju nekoliko prirodnih zakona te da je u prirodi dostignuta izvanredna ravnoteža. Svemir ima upravo takve vrijednosti univerzalnih konstanti da bi se čovjek mogao razviti i biti svjedokom svoje pripadnosti svemiru. Čini se da je uređen (ugođen) isključivo tako da nama bude ugodan. Ova misao o svrhovitosti podrazumijeva postojanje Stvoritelja svemira.Design arguments endeavor to identify the empirical features of the world as evidence of intelligent design and conclude that God\u27s existence best explains these features. Such a high degree of order and coherence is prevalent in the world, that this leads to the conclusion that the universe was created according to a plan or design; furthermore, since there is no such thing as a blueprint or drawing without a draftsman, neither is there a design without a designer, and the designer of the world is God. Hume\u27s and Kant\u27s questionable approach to the design argument did have its repercussions in their day. In the 19th century, Darwin develops his evolution theory on species formation and natural selection of living organisms. Many believe that Paley\u27s renowned argument form (were we to find a watch on our walk through a meadow, it would be reasonable to assume that the watch had an inventor, that someone fashioned it) decidedly diminished the probability that the theory of evolution on natural selection is valid. The anthropic principle, or the fine-tuned universe argument, can also be put forward as a design argument – if the universe were to deviate even slightly from what it is now, we would not be here. It is generally held that order in the universe is grounded in several natural laws, and that a high level of equilibrium has been achieved in nature. The values of universal constants are such that they enable man to develop and see himself as belonging in the universe. It seems that the universe is arranged (tuned) exclusively to be agreeable to man. This thought on the notion of purposefulness implies the existence of a Creator of the universe

Open Questions in the New Cosmology. An Essay

Considering the standard inflationary Big Bang model of the Universe, questions of the Universe homogeneity, formation of galaxies, flatness and accelerating expansion of the Universe were discussed in light of new empirical data. Theoretical possibilities of solving problems of critical density of the Universe, dark matter, dark energy and cosmological constant were considered. As a philosophical view to the cosmology and controversy, the Popper’s philosophy of Science was presented, with the well-known falsifiability criterion

ABOUT THE UNIVERSE PAST AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF COSMOLOGICAL THOUGHT

Uvodno se navode prva nastojanja u razumijevanju prirodnih pojava i traženju odgovora na kozmološka pitanja, od predsokratovaca do Aristotela i zatim do Newtona. Znanstvena kozmologija 20. stoljeca temelji se na Einsteinovoj opcoj teoriji relativnosti i jednadžbi gravitacijskog polja, koju su poslije izveli i proširili iz razlicitih polazišta Friedman i Lemaître; rješenja jednadžbe govore o ekspandirajucem svemiru iz jedne singularne tocke, o pocetku svemira i pojavi velikog praska (Big Bang), što se danas uzima kao standardni kozmološki model. Razmatra se i drugi alternativni model, s teorijom uravnoteženog svemira (Steady state universe), koji je me$utim u drugoj polovici dvadesetog stoljeca napušten, uz nova kozmološka otkrica i empirijska uporišta. Uz otvorena pitanja moderne kozmologije navode se i uvjerenja i svjetonazori pojedinih znanstvenika.In introduction, the first attempts in understanding natural phenomena and searching answers on cosmological questions, from pre-socratic philosophers to Aristotle then to Newton, are considered. Scientific cosmology of the 20th century is founded on Einstein’s General theory of relativity and the equation of field gravity, which was later derived by different approaches of Friedman and Lemaître; the equation solutions show an expanding universe from a singularity, and the beginning of universe and Big Bang, that one takes as a standard cosmologic model today. Also another alternative model with a theory of the steady state universe is considered, which is meanwhile abandoned after new cosmologic discoveries and empiric arguments in the second half of twentieth century. Apart from open questions of modern cosmology, convictions and world views of some scientists are also given

Predviđanje potresa: vremenske varijacije koncentracije radona u tlu i vodi

Radon-emanation detectors of an original design, using the LR-115 solid nuclear-track detector films, have been constructed for radon concentration measurements in soil and water. Temporal radon variations, as well as barometric pressure, atmospheric precipitation and temperature were observed during a year. A negative correlation between the radon concentration in soil and barometric pressure was found. For two recorded earthquakes in 1998, the soil radon anomalies were observed, about one month before each quake. It seems that by using the radon-emanation detector, earthquakes can be predicted.Napravili smo detektore emanacije radona s plastičnim detektorima nuklearnih tragova LR-115 za mjerenje radonskih koncentracija u tlu i vodi. Tijekom jedne godine pratili smo vremenske varijacije koncentracije radona, kao i barometarskog tlaka, padalina i temperature. Ustanovili smo negativnu korelaciju između radonskih koncentracija u tlu i barometarskog tlaka. Za dva registrirana potresa u 1998. godini (u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj), ustanovili smo dvije pripadne radonske anomalije, upravo mjesec dana prije potresa u oba slučaja. Čini se da se pomoću izgrađenog detektora emanacije radona mogu predvidjeti potresi