Sistema Solar: Planetas Clássicos

O conhecimento curricular de Astronomia para surdos, não pode ser empobrecido, subtraído, fragmentado, mas sim formulado para corresponder a sua identidade de cognição, sem distanciar-se, porém, do direito inalienável a tudo que devem conhecer. Métodos de ensino não podem ser únicos para todos e, um sistema educacional que não revela estas diferenças está fadado em provocar a exclusão destes educandos por considerá-los inaptos, intelectualmente. Sendo assim, ao organizar o conteúdo que será trabalhado em sala de aula, o professor terá sempre em mente o tema Sistema Solar /Planetas Clássicos. Este tema está diretamente ligado a outros temas, permitindo ao aluno surdo fazer parte desse todo tão complexo que é o Universo em que vivemo

An optimized color transformation for the analysis of digital images of hematoxylin & eosin stained slides

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is ubiquitous in pathology practice and research. As digital pathology has evolved, the reliance of quantitative methods that make use of H&E images has similarly expanded. For example, cell counting and nuclear morphometry rely on the accurate demarcation of nuclei from other structures and each other. One of the major obstacles to quantitative analysis of H&E images is the high degree of variability observed between different samples and different laboratories. In an effort to characterize this variability, as well as to provide a substrate that can potentially mitigate this factor in quantitative image analysis, we developed a technique to project H&E images into an optimized space more appropriate for many image analysis procedures. We used a decision tree-based support vector machine learning algorithm to classify 44 H&E stained whole slide images of resected breast tumors according to the histological structures that are present. This procedure takes an H&E image as an input and produces a classification map of the image that predicts the likelihood of a pixel belonging to any one of a set of user-defined structures (e.g., cytoplasm, stroma). By reducing these maps into their constituent pixels in color space, an optimal reference vector is obtained for each structure, which identifies the color attributes that maximally distinguish one structure from other elements in the image. We show that tissue structures can be identified using this semi-automated technique. By comparing structure centroids across different images, we obtained a quantitative depiction of H&E variability for each structure. This measurement can potentially be utilized in the laboratory to help calibrate daily staining or identify troublesome slides. Moreover, by aligning reference vectors derived from this technique, images can be transformed in a way that standardizes their color properties and makes them more amenable to image processing

[en] PROCEDURE FOR THE ASSESMENT OF STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF MATERIAL LIFTING AND HANDLING MACHINERY

Recent studies suggested that miRNAs are involved in the development of the pathogenesis of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). Rapamycin, a widely used mTOR inhibitor, has been demonstrated to slow down the progression of HIVAN. However, the role of miRNA in the regulation of these processes has not been investigated so far. In the current study, we have used a microarray-based approach in combination with real-time PCR to profile the miRNA expression patterns in rapamycin-treated HIVAN mice (Tg26). Our results demonstrated that 19 miRNAs belonging to 13 different families expressed differentially in renal tissues of rapamycin-receiving Tg26 mice when compared to Tg26 mice-receiving saline only. The patterns of miRNAs expression in rapamycin-receiving Tg26 mice took a reverse turn. These miRNAs were classified into 8 functional categories. In in vitro studies, we examined the expression of specific miRNAs in HIV-1 transduced human podocytes (HIV/HPs). HIV/HPs displayed attenuation of expression of miR-99a, -100a, -199a and miR-200, whereas, rapamycin inhibited this effect of HIV. These findings suggest that rapamycin-mediated up-regulation of specific miRNAs could contribute to amelioration of renal lesions in HIVAN mice. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.link_to_subscribed_fulltex

Modulation of renin angiotensin system predominantly alters sclerotic phenotype of glomeruli in HIVAN

HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is a common complication of HIV-1 infection in patients with African ancestry in general and with APOL1 gene risk variants in particular. Although collapsing glomerulopathy is considered a hallmark of HIVAN, significant numbers of glomeruli in patients with HIVAN also display other variants of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). We propose that collapsed glomeruli as well as glomeruli with other variants of FSGS are manifestations of HIVAN and their prevalence depends on associated host factors. We explored the role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the manifestation of any specific glomerular phenotype in HIVAN. To evaluate the role of the RAS we have used a genetically engineered mouse model of HIVAN (Tg26) with two and four copies of angiotensinogen (Agt) gene (Tg26/Agt2 and Tg26/Agt4). In Tg26/Agt2, 1 out of 6 glomeruli exhibited sclerosed phenotype, whereas 1 out of 25 glomeruli displayed collapsed phenotype; on the other hand, in Tg26/Agt4, 1 out of 3 glomeruli exhibited sclerotic phenotype and only 1 out of 7 glomeruli showed collapsed phenotype. To inhibit the effect of RAS, Tg26/Agt2 were administered captopril, aliskiren, aliskiren plus captopril or aliskiren plus telmisartan by miniosmotic pumps for 4 weeks. In all experimental groups there was a significant reduction in percentage of sclerosed glomeruli and only minimal reduction in collapsed glomeruli compared to normal saline receiving Tg26/Agt2. These findings suggest that the manifestation of the sclerosed phenotype in HIVAN is predominantly dependent on activation of the RAS

Rapamycin-induced modulation of HIV gene transcription attenuates progression of HIVAN

HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is the manifestation of HIV genes expression by kidney cells in the presence of specific host factors. Recently, rapamycin (sirolimus) has been demonstrated to modulate the progression of HIVAN. We hypothesized that rapamycin would modulate the progression of HIVAN by attenuating HIV genes expression. To test our hypothesis, three weeks old Tg26 mice (n=6) were administered either vehicle or rapamycin (5 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally) for eight weeks. At the end of experimental period, kidneys were harvested. In in vitro studies, human podocytes were transduced with either HIV-1 (NL4-3) or empty vector (EV), followed by treatment with either vehicle or rapamycin. Total RNA and proteins were extracted from renal tissues/ cellular lysates and HIV gene transcription/translation was measured by real time PCR and Western blotting studies. Renal histological slides were graded for glomerular sclerosis and tubular dilatation with microcyst formation. Rapamycin attenuated both glomerular and tubular lesions in Tg26 mice. Rapamycin decreased transcription of HIV genes both in renal tissues as well as in HIV-1 transduced podocytes. Our data strongly indicate that HIV-1 long terminal repeat-mediated transcriptional activity was targeted by rapamycin. Rapamycin enhanced podocyte NF-kB and CREB activities but then it decreased AP-1 binding activity. Since expression of HIV genes by kidney cells has been demonstrated to be the key factor in the development HIVAN, it appears that rapamycin-induced altered transcription of HIV genes might have partly contributed to its disease modulating effects