Emprendimiento femenino contemporáneo en Nicaragua

Women are important entrepreneurial actors within the Nicaraguan economic ecosystem. Majority female-owned firms comprise 32.7% of all urban Nicaraguan formal enterprises; these ownership rates far exceed the regional (21.8%) or global averages (14.5%). Within Nicaragua, self-employment rates for women (43.3%) surpass that of men (28.3%). This article describes the contemporary Nicaraguan entrepreneurial landscape for female-owned enterprises using the 2016 Nicaraguan Enterprise Survey of 333 formal sector urban-based firms conducted by the World Bank. Principal multivariate results include the concentration of female top management with majority female-ownership, the role of the informal sector in spawning formal female enterprises, and size constraints of female-owned enterprises.Las mujeres son importantes actores empresariales dentro del ecosistema económico nicaragüense. La mayoría de las empresas propiedad de mujeres comprenden el 32,7% de todas las empresas formales urbanas de Nicaragua; estas tasas de propiedad exceden con creces los promedios regionales (21,8%) o globales (14,5%). Dentro de Nicaragua, las tasas de autoempleo de las mujeres (43,3%) superan a las de los hombres (28,3%). Este artículo describe el panorama empresarial nicaragüense contemporáneo para las empresas propiedad de mujeres utilizando la Encuesta de Empresas Nicaragüenses 2016 de 333 empresas urbanas del sector formal realizadas por el Banco Mundial. Los principales resultados multivariantes incluyen la concentración de la alta dirección femenina con la propiedad mayoritaria de mujeres, el papel del sector informal en el desarrollo de empresas femeninas formales y las limitaciones de tamaño de las empresas de mujeres

Peso Acceptance Patterns in El Paso

This paper examines the acceptance of peso payments, or currency substitution reverse dollarization, by U.S retail firms near the international border with Mexico. Survey data are drawn from a stratified random sample of 586 retailers located in El Paso, Texas, situated across the border from Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. Approximately 13 percent of the participant firms accept Mexican pesos in exchange for goods and services. Empirical results indicate that factors such as a firm’s percentage of Spanish speaking employees and distance to the nearest international bridge significantly influence the decision to accept or reject Mexican pesos.Currency Substitution; Mexican Peso; Border Economics; Probit Models

Características y determinantes de mujeres empresarias en Puerto Rico: una mirada inicial

This paper outlines the characteristics and determinants of Puerto Rican female entrepreneurs in 2007.  This study utilizes data from the Adult Population Survey (APS) for 2007 from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Project.  We find that female entrepreneurs in Puerto Rico are most likely sole owners of their business establishment, face many local competitors, and do not generally export their goods or services outside of the Island. The primary motivation for business start-up was business opportunism along with a personal goal of greater independence at the workplace.  Education serves as a fundamental determinant of female entrepreneurship. Este artículo describe las características y determinantes de mujeres empresarias en Puerto Rico para el 2007. El estudio utiliza los datos de la Encuesta de la Población Adulta del Proyecto de Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM, por sus siglas en inglés). Se encontró que las mujeres empresarias en Puerto Rico tienden a ser dueñas únicas de sus negocios, tienen muchos competidores locales, y usualmente no exportan sus bienes o servicios fuera de la Isla. La motivación primaria para empezar el negocio fue tener una oportunidad de negocio junto a una meta personal de mayor independencia en el lugar de trabajo. La educación es un determinante fundamental de ser empresaria en Puerto Rico

Características y determinantes de mujeres empresarias en Puerto Rico: una mirada inicial

This paper outlines the characteristics and determinants of Puerto Rican female entrepreneurs in 2007. This study utilizes data from the Adult Population Survey (APS) for 2007 from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Project. We find that female entrepreneurs in Puerto Rico are most likely sole owners of their business establishment, face many local competitors, and do not generally export their goods or services outside of the Island. The primary motivation for business start-up was business opportunism along with a personal goal of greater independence at the workplace. Education serves as a fundamental determinant of female entrepreneurship.Este artículo describe las características y determinantes de mujeres empresarias en Puerto Rico para el 2007. El estudio utiliza los datos de la Encuesta de la Población Adulta del Proyecto de Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM, por sus siglas en inglés). Se encontró que las mujeres empresarias en Puerto Rico tienden a ser dueñas únicas de sus negocios, tienen muchos competidores locales, y usualmente no exportan sus bienes o servicios fuera de la Isla. La motivación primaria para empezar el negocio fue tener una oportunidad de negocio junto a una meta personal de mayor independencia en el lugar de trabajo. La educación es un determinante fundamental de ser empresaria en Puerto Rico

Advancing U.S. Latino Entrepreneurship: A New National Economic Imperative

Advancing U.S. Latino Entrepreneurship examines business formation and success among Latinos by identifying arrangements that enhance entrepreneurship and by understanding the sociopolitical contexts that shape entrepreneurial trajectories. While it is well known that Latinos make up one of the largest and fastest growing populations in the U.S., Latino-owned businesses are now outpacing this population growth and the startup business growth of all other demographic groups in the country. The institutional arrangements shaping business formation are no level playing field. Minority entrepreneurs face racism and sexism, but structural barriers are not the only obstacles that matter; there are agentic barriers and coethnics present challenges as well as support to each other. Yet minorities engage in business formation, and in doing so, change institutional arrangements by transforming the attitudes of society and the practices of policymakers. The economic future of the country is tied to the prospects of Latinos forming and growing business. The diversity of Latino experience constitutes an economic resource for those interested in forming businesses that appeal to native-born citizens and fellow immigrants alike, ranging from local to national to international markets. This book makes a substantial contribution to the literature on entrepreneurship and wealth creation by focusing on Latinos, a population vastly understudied on these topics, by describing processes and outcomes for Latino entrepreneurs. Unfairly, the dominant story of Latinos—especially Mexican Americans—is that of dispossession and its consequences. Advancing U.S. Latino Entrepreneurship makes clear the undiminished ambitions of Latinos as well as the transformative relationships among people, their practices, and the political context in which they operate. The reality of Latino entrepreneurs demands new attention and focus.https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/purduepress_previews/1048/thumbnail.jp

Repeated reserpine administration reduces in vivo [18F]GBR 13119 binding to the dopamine uptake site

The effects of repeated reserpine on the in vivo regional brain distribution of [18F]GBR 13119 (1-[(4-[18F]fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine), a dopamine uptake inhibitor, have been examined. Repeated parenteral administration of reserpine (2 mg/kg i.p., once daily for three days) causes a decrease of the in vivo specific binding of [18F]GBR 13119 in mouse striatum, consistent with a down-regulation of available uptake sites in response to dopamine depletion. These results indicate that modification of endogenous dopamine concentrations, either due to pathological disturbance or pharmacological interventions, may affect in vivo studies of the dopamine uptake system using radioligands of the 1,4-dialk(en)ylpiperazine class, and complicate the interpretation of in vivo human studies of these radioligands using positron emission tomography.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/30038/1/0000406.pd

Magnetic resonance and bioluminescence imaging of macrophage homing to experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms

Macrophage infiltration is a prominent feature of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression. We used a combined imaging approach with bioluminescence (BLI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study macrophage homing and accumulation in experimental AAA disease. Murine AAAs were created via intra-aortic infusion of porcine pancreatic elastase. Mice were imaged over 14 days after injection of prepared peritoneal macrophages. For BLI, macrophages were from transgenic mice expressing luciferase. For MRI, macrophages were labeled with iron oxide particles. Macrophage accumulation during aneurysm progression was observed by in situ BLI and by in vivo 7T MRI. Mice were sacrificed after imaging for histologic analysis. In situ BLI ( n = 32) demonstrated high signal in the AAA by days 7 and 14, which correlated significantly with macrophage number and aortic diameter. In vivo 7T MRI ( n = 13) at day 14 demonstrated T 2 * signal loss in the AAA and not in sham mice. Immunohistochemistry and Prussian blue staining confirmed the presence of injected macrophages in the AAA. BLI and MRI provide complementary approaches to track macrophage homing and accumulation in experimental AAAs. Similar dual imaging strategies may aid the study of AAA biology and the evaluation of novel therapies

Peso Acceptance Patterns in El Paso

This paper examines the acceptance of peso payments, or currency substitution reverse dollarization, by U.S retail firms near the international border with Mexico. Survey data are drawn from a stratified random sample of 586 retailers located in El Paso, Texas, situated across the border from Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. Approximately 13 percent of the participant firms accept Mexican pesos in exchange for goods and services. Empirical results indicate that factors such as a firm’s percentage of Spanish speaking employees and distance to the nearest international bridge significantly influence the decision to accept or reject Mexican pesos

Regional brain distribution of [18F]GBR 13119, a dopamine uptake inhibitor, in CD-1 and C57BL/6 mice

We have examines the regional brain distribution of [18F]GBR 13119 (18F: [beta]+, T1/2 = 110 min), a dopamine uptake inhibitor, in CD-1 and C57BL/6 mice. High levels of binding are observed in the striatum of both species, with striatum/cerebellum ratios of 3-4 at 60 min after injection of the radiotracer. Striatum radioactivity and striatum/cerebellum ratios are more than 50% reduced in C57BL/6 mice treated chronically with the neurotoxin MPTP. We conclude mice are an appropriate model for the in vivo study of the dopamine uptake system, and that [18F]GBR 13119 may be a suitable in vivo marker for degeneration of striatal dopaminergic neurons.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/27847/1/0000258.pd

Is the grass greener on the other side?

Consumer xenocentrism, the belief that the foreign is preferred over the local, is a relatively new construct in the broader country of origin literature. We extend the study of consumer xenocen- trism to Paraguay (South America), an often bypassed and un- derstudied emerging market. Through a purposive survey of 397 middle- and upper-class Paraguayans in 2022, we uncover the existence of consumer xenocentrism and model its relationship to product judgment of regional powers (Argentina and Brazil) and economic superpowers (China and the United States). Our results indicate a positive and significant relationship between Paraguayan consumer xenocentrism and product judgments of Argentina, Brazil, and the United States, but not for China. Mana- gerial and public policy implications of our findings are discussed