Clustering Algorithms: Their Application to Gene Expression Data

Gene expression data hide vital information required to understand the biological process that takes place in a particular organism in relation to its environment. Deciphering the hidden patterns in gene expression data proffers a prodigious preference to strengthen the understanding of functional genomics. The complexity of biological networks and the volume of genes present increase the challenges of comprehending and interpretation of the resulting mass of data, which consists of millions of measurements; these data also inhibit vagueness, imprecision, and noise. Therefore, the use of clustering techniques is a first step toward addressing these challenges, which is essential in the data mining process to reveal natural structures and iden-tify interesting patterns in the underlying data. The clustering of gene expression data has been proven to be useful in making known the natural structure inherent in gene expression data, understanding gene functions, cellular processes, and subtypes of cells, mining useful information from noisy data, and understanding gene regulation. The other benefit of clustering gene expression data is the identification of homology, which is very important in vaccine design. This review examines the various clustering algorithms applicable to the gene expression data in order to discover and provide useful knowledge of the appropriate clustering technique that will guarantee stability and high degree of accuracy in its analysis procedure

Spinal tüberkülozda (Pott Hastalığı) multimodal analjezi

Spinal tuberculosis (Pott‘s disease) is one of the causes for the low back pain that is rare but has high morbidity rate. Patients may have both somatic and neuropathic severe pain. A female patient aged 70-year who had been diagnosed and operated with Pott‘s disease 4 years ago presented to our outpatient clinic with a compliant of severe pain (VAS=10/10). A MRI scan revealed a severe destruction at the level of T7-T8 spines with neural compression and collapse. the patient had undergone surgery twice for the same reason. Because of gr TTS fentanyl, tramadole 400minadequate pain control despite the use of 100 mg/day and paracetamol 4 g/day, she was started pregabalin twice daily, and thereafter the dose was up-titrated to 150 mg twice daily, the effective dose. in the month 18 followup visit, she had mild pain (VAS: 2/10), could walk with the aid of a walker and perform her daily activities partially with pregabalin g, tramadole 200 mg/day, paracetamol 2 g daily. Ourm300 mg/day, fentanyl TTS 25 case is the first one for treatment whom pregabalin was used as part of a multimodal analgesia in the treatment of Pott‘s disease.Spinal tüberküloz (Pott Hastalığı) bel ağrısının nadir fakat morbidite oranı yüksek nedenlerinden biridir. Hastalarda hem somatik hem de nöropatik nitelikte siddetli ağrı olusabilir. 70 yasında, kadın hasta, 4 yıl önce Pott Hastalığı tanısı konulmus ve opere edilmis, siddetli ağrı sikayeti (VAS=10/10) ile kliniğimize basvurdu. MRG’de T7-T8 omurlarında siddetli yıkım, çökme ve sinir basısı mevcuttu. Hasta aynı nedenle 2 kez opere edilmisti. 100 mgr TTS fentanil, 400 mg/gün tramadol ve 4 gr/gün parasetamol kullanımına rağmen yeterli ağrı kontrolü sağlanamayan hastaya, 2x75 mg/gün pregabalin baslandı ve etkin doz olan 2x150 mg/gün’e çıkıldı. Hastanın 18. ay kontrolünde, 300 mg/gün pregabalin, 25 mgr fentanil TTS, 200 mg/gün tramadol, 2 gr parasetamol tedavisiyle hafif ağrısının (VAS: 2/10) olduğu, yürüteç yardımıyla yürüyebildiği ve günlük islerini kısmen yapabildiği saptandı. Olgumuz, Pott Hastalığı’nda multimodal analjezide pregabalinin kullanıldığı ilk olgu özelliğindedir

Chemical characterization of size-selected nanoparticles emitted by a gasoline direct injection engine: Impact of a catalytic stripper

This work combines laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (L2MS) and advanced statistical techniques to reveal the impact of a catalytic stripper (CS) on the chemical composition (at the molecular level) of a gasoline direct injection engine exhaust, and follow the evolution of size-dependent chemical characteristics over the whole particles size range (10–560 nm). The gas phase and polydisperse particles making up the exhaust are separated and sampled on distinct substrates using an original homebuilt two-filter system, while size-selected particles are collected using a cascade impactor and separated into 13 different size bins (smallest diameters 10–18 nm). We demonstrate that a fine molecular-level characterization of the exhaust particulate matter is necessary to assess the effect of the CS, especially for the smallest ultra-fine particles carrying the largest volatile fraction

Conducting IPN actuator/sensor for biomimetic vibrissa system

International audienc

Sciatalgia in a patient with a rare peripheral nerve sheath tumor: Differential diagnosis [Nadir gözlenen periferal sinir ki{dotless}li{dotless}f tümörlü hastada siyatalji]

Peripheral schwannomas may mimic lumbar discopathy, and may constitute an important cause of undefined radicular pain. A 64 year-old-woman complained of worsening intermittent, severe pain, and weakness in her feet. We have observed brightness around the sciatic nerve and a tumor was detected in the nerve sheath. Patient had severe neuropathic pain in her right leg in the postoperative period. After the failure of pharmacological treatment for neuropathic pain, nerve blocks were performed to lumbar sympathetic and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Relief of pain lasted short after the DRG blockade, thus placement of a spinal cord stimulator (SCS) was planned. Eighty percent pain reduction was achieved with the application of SCS test electrode, therefore a SCS was implanted. The management of neuropathic pain was carried out with pain treatment according to the algorithm. In conclucion, interventional pain treatments should be kept in mind in similar cases. © 2011 by Türkiye Klinikleri

Evidence on the formation of dimers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a laminar diffusion flame

The role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the formation of nascent soot particles in flames is well established and yet the detailed mechanisms are still not fully understood. Here we provide experimental evidence of the occurrence of dimerization of PAHs in the gas phase before soot formation in a laminar diffusion methane flame, supporting the hypothesis of stabilization of dimers through the formation of covalent bonds. The main findings of this work derive from the comparative chemical analysis of samples extracted from the gas to soot transition region of a laminar diffusion methane flame, and highlight two different groups of hydrocarbons that coexist in the same mass range, but show distinctly different behavior when processed with statistical analysis. In particular, the identified hydrocarbons are small-to-moderate size PAHs (first group) and their homo- and heterodimers stabilized by the formation of covalent bonds (second group). © 2020, The Author(s)