Dentin Dysplasia: A Review

Objectives Dentin dysplasia (DD) is a rare disorder, which is not accentuated in dental practice. DD has 2 types. Type I is manifested by tooth mobility, short roots, reduced pulp space and normal crowns. Type II or coronal DD is characterized by normal crowns in permanent teeth but discolored crowns in primary teeth. Denticles are detectable in the pulp chamber of teeth in type II DD. Many uncertain aspects of this condition include its etiology, diagnosis, and treatment planning. For a long time, extraction of mobile teeth was the main possible choice, which would lead to psychosocial problems that needed psychological interventions. The present study aimed to collect and classify the recent information on DD.Methods An electronic search of the literature was carried out in PubMed and Google Scholar from 1977 to 2018. Duplicates were eliminated and the retrieved articles and relevant textbooks were thoroughly reviewed.Results Although DD has an unknown etiology, it is known for a fact that it has a hereditary trait. The present article provides some information about DD, including possible etiological factors, clinical, radiographic and histological manifestations, diagnosis and current treatment options.Conclusion Management of DD is based on preservation of teeth in the oral cavity and may vary from preventive and piecemeal care to tooth extraction and regenerative pulp therapy

Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Bone Formation in Rapid Palatal Expansion: A Systematic Review: Effect of LLLT on Bone Formation in RPE

Introduction: Crossbite is a common malocclusion with a 7-23% prevalence rate. Treatment is based on the expansion of the mid-palatal suture (MPS) with Rapid Palatal Expansion(RPE) followed by a retention period to reach new bone maturation, enough to maintain the results stable. This systematic review was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in increasing bone formation in MPS.Methods: This article was written by the PRISMA checklist. Electronically, 3 databases, namely PubMed, Scopus, and Embase, were searched with the keywords selected based on PICO. Time (2010-2021) and language restrictions were performed.Results: 528 articles, out of which 374 studies were screened, were found, and 9 full-text articles were subsequently included considering these inclusion criteria: randomized clinical trial (RCT) that examines the efficacy of LLLT in rapid palatal expansion (RPE), age under 15 years, non-surgical RPE with a tooth-supported appliance, and low-intensity laser application. Finally, 4 articles were appraised by Cochrane version 5.2.0 with 7 domains. 3 of 4 articles showed LLLT has a significant impact on bone formation. One of them showed no significant difference in pain perception and bone density between the laser and non-laser groups.Conclusion: While many studies have assessed the effect of LLLT on bone formation in animal models, high-quality clinical trials are missing in this regard. The available clinical trials suggest a positive effect of LLLT on sutural bone formation after RPE. Doi:10.34172/jlms.2022.13

A deep learning framework to scale linear facial measurements to actual size using horizontal visible iris diameter: a study on an Iranian population

Abstract Digital images allow for the objective evaluation of facial appearance and abnormalities as well as treatment outcomes and stability. With the advancement of technology, manual clinical measurements can be replaced with fully automatic photographic assessments. However, obtaining millimetric measurements on photographs does not provide clinicians with their actual value due to different image magnification ratios. A deep learning tool was developed to estimate linear measurements on images with unknown magnification using the iris diameter. A framework was designed to segment the eyes’ iris and calculate the horizontal visible iris diameter (HVID) in pixels. A constant value of 12.2 mm was assigned as the HVID value in all the photographs. A vertical and a horizontal distance were measured in pixels on photographs of 94 subjects and were estimated in millimeters by calculating the magnification ratio using HVID. Manual measurement of the distances was conducted on the subjects and the actual and estimated amounts were compared using Bland–Altman analysis. The obtained error was calculated as mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 2.9% and 4.3% in horizontal and vertical measurements. Our study shows that due to the consistent size and narrow range of HVID values, the iris diameter can be used as a reliable scale to calibrate the magnification of the images to obtain precise measurements in further research