Trapped by the drift

The diffusion type is determined not only by microscopic dynamics but also by the environment properties. For example, the environment's fractal structure is responsible for the emergence of subdiffusive scaling of the mean square displacement in Markovian systems because the presence of non-trivially placed obstacles puts constraints on possible displacements. We investigate how the additional action of drift changes properties of the diffusion in the crowded environment. It is shown that the action of a constant drift increases chances of trapping, which suppresses the persistent ballistic motion. Such a diffusion becomes anisotropic because the drift introduces a preferred direction of motion which is further altered by interactions with obstacles. Moreover, individual trajectories display a high level of variability, which is responsible for the macroscopic properties of the diffusing front. Overall, the interplay between drift, diffusion and crowded environment, as measured by the time-averaged mean square displacement, is responsible for the emergence of superdiffusive and subdiffusive patterns in the very same system. Importantly, in contrast to free motion, the constant drift can enhance signatures of subdiffusive motion.Comment: 13 pages, 14 figure

High Frequency Ultrasonography of the Skin and Its Role as an Auxillary Tool in Diagnosis of Benign and Malignant Cutaneous Tumors – A Comparison of Two Clinical Cases

The number of dermatologic entities that can be studied by ultrasound examination (US) of the skin is increasing. Conventional US and high frequency US (HFUS) are considered useful additional tools in improving the diagnosis and management of common benign and malignant skin tumors. US may help in positive and differential diagnosis of primary melanocytic neoplasms and of locoregional spread in melanoma patients. US preoperative evaluation of primary melanoma thickness correlates with histologically estimated melanoma thickness, and can help determine surgical margins and indications for sentinel lymph node biopsy. It is also useful during follow-up after surgical treatment for early detection of recurrence or metastases. In this case report, we present two cases of skin lesions clinically suspicious for malignancy. The first lesion was a round nodule 3 mm in diameter, resembling a blue nevus. In HFUS it was well delimited, hypoechoic, and well vascularized. The second lesion presented as an elevated, well-circumscribed nodule, 5-6 mm in diameter, inhomogeneous in color. HFUS depicted a poorly delimited, irregular, hypoechoic lesion crossing the dermoepidermal junction. At the first exam it was not vascularized, but 6 months later a number of vascular flow signals within the lesion were found. In histopathological examination the lesions were finally diagnosed as, respectively: benign cavernous hemangioma and melanoma. In both presented cases HFUS proved to be useful in a differential diagnosis of suspicious skin lesions. Noninvasive and easy to perform, HFUS is a valuable diagnostic method in dermatology.</p

Mobile Networks’ Support for Large-Scale UAV Services

The services based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have started to be used in many countries but not on a large scale yet. The paper describes the present status of UAV services and a concept of a solution for large-scale deployment of safe and reliable UAV services that use the 5G network for communication with UAVs. Based on the Standards Developing Organizations and related industry fora activities, unmanned traffic and airspace regulations, especially the commonly supported concept of Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management (UTM), UAV-related communication requirements and 5G System (5GS) features, we have developed an alternative approach to the integration of UAV and 5GS. The proposed concept includes a set of enablers that can be provided by Mobile Network Operators in order to not only support but also leverage UAV services. As work on many items is still in progress, we identify a list of open issues and challenges and present them at the end of the paper with the main focus on the MNO–UTM provider relationship and safe flights

Mobile Networks’ Support for Large-Scale UAV Services

The services based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have started to be used in many countries but not on a large scale yet. The paper describes the present status of UAV services and a concept of a solution for large-scale deployment of safe and reliable UAV services that use the 5G network for communication with UAVs. Based on the Standards Developing Organizations and related industry fora activities, unmanned traffic and airspace regulations, especially the commonly supported concept of Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management (UTM), UAV-related communication requirements and 5G System (5GS) features, we have developed an alternative approach to the integration of UAV and 5GS. The proposed concept includes a set of enablers that can be provided by Mobile Network Operators in order to not only support but also leverage UAV services. As work on many items is still in progress, we identify a list of open issues and challenges and present them at the end of the paper with the main focus on the MNO–UTM provider relationship and safe flights

Trichophyton mentagrophytes-associated Majocchi’s granuloma treated with cryotherapy Trichophyton mentagrophytes-associated Majocchi’s granuloma treated with cryotherapy

We here report the case of a woman with dermatophytosis of the thighs due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes&lt;br /&gt;where an unusual clinical picture posed considerable diagnostic and therapeutic problems. She presented numerous&lt;br /&gt;skin lesions located on the dorsolateral face of the left thigh and the medial surface of the right calf. The initial lesions&lt;br /&gt;consisted of small itchy pustules that evolved to exfoliation after scratching. Results of histopathologic examination of&lt;br /&gt;a skin biopsy were consistent with dermatophytosis, although the negativity of PAS staining did not allow confirmation&lt;br /&gt;of this diagnosis. Direct microscopic examination with 10% KOH was negative; however, skin cultures on BioMerieux&lt;br /&gt;media revealed Tr. Mentagrophytes. Following the diagnosis of Trichophyton infection, the patient was treated with&lt;br /&gt;a combination of isoconazole nitrate and difluocortolone valerate. After therapy, both direct microscopic mycologic&lt;br /&gt;examination and culture on BioMerieux medium were negative; however, the lesions persisted, assuming a completely&lt;br /&gt;different aspect. Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen was started. This led to a spectacular improvement: the surface of&lt;br /&gt;the skin became almost normal, merely showing slight discoloration. An unusual clinical presentation and non-responsiveness&lt;br /&gt;to treatment should prompt revision of the primary diagnosis. A negative result of direct microscopy&lt;br /&gt;should not exclude the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Cryotherapy should be considered in cases that do not respond&lt;br /&gt;to conventional antifungal medication.<br>We here report the case of a woman with dermatophytosis of the thighs due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes&lt;br /&gt;where an unusual clinical picture posed considerable diagnostic and therapeutic problems. She presented numerous&lt;br /&gt;skin lesions located on the dorsolateral face of the left thigh and the medial surface of the right calf. The initial lesions&lt;br /&gt;consisted of small itchy pustules that evolved to exfoliation after scratching. Results of histopathologic examination of&lt;br /&gt;a skin biopsy were consistent with dermatophytosis, although the negativity of PAS staining did not allow confirmation&lt;br /&gt;of this diagnosis. Direct microscopic examination with 10% KOH was negative; however, skin cultures on BioMerieux&lt;br /&gt;media revealed Tr. Mentagrophytes. Following the diagnosis of Trichophyton infection, the patient was treated with&lt;br /&gt;a combination of isoconazole nitrate and difluocortolone valerate. After therapy, both direct microscopic mycologic&lt;br /&gt;examination and culture on BioMerieux medium were negative; however, the lesions persisted, assuming a completely&lt;br /&gt;different aspect. Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen was started. This led to a spectacular improvement: the surface of&lt;br /&gt;the skin became almost normal, merely showing slight discoloration. An unusual clinical presentation and non-responsiveness&lt;br /&gt;to treatment should prompt revision of the primary diagnosis. A negative result of direct microscopy&lt;br /&gt;should not exclude the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Cryotherapy should be considered in cases that do not respond&lt;br /&gt;to conventional antifungal medication