Polska i jej wschodni sąsiedzi: materiały z międzynarodowej konferencji naukowej, Kraków, 2 czerwca 2014 r.

Praca recenzowana / peer-reviewed pape

Myśl i polityka: księga pamiątkowa dedykowana profesorowi Jackowi Marii Majchrowskiemu T. 3

Publikacja jubileuszowa z okazji 40-lecia pracy naukowej profesora Jacka Majchrowskieg

The Effect of Biofuel on the Emission of Exhaust Gas from an Engine with the Common Rail System

The paper presents the results of experimental tests of a FIAT MultiJet 1.3 SDE 90 PS engine equipped with a common rail system, running at full load operation at rotational speeds of n = 1000 rpm, 1750 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm, 3000 rpm, 3500 rpm, 4000 rpm and 4200 rpm, carried out on a dynamometer stand. During the tests, the engine was supplied with diesel oil and rape oil fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the following proportions: B20 (80% diesel oil and 20% FAME), B40 (60% diesel oil and 40% FAME), B60 (40% diesel oil and 60% FAME) and B80 (20% diesel oil and 80% FAME). This paper presents an assessment of the effect of the additions of rape oil fatty acid methyl esters to diesel oil on the unit fuel consumption and the emission of the following harmful exhaust gas components: nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, particulates and carbon dioxide. The fuel consumption was measured using a AVL 730 Dynamic Fuel Consumption fuel dosimeter. The measurements of the concentrations of the above-mentioned harmful exhaust gas components were performed using a MEXA-1600 DEGR analyser manufactured by Horiba, while particulate emissions were measured with a MEXA-1230PM analyser manufactured by Horiba

Analiza uszkodzeń mechaniczych wtryskiwaczy Common Rail

The paper presents the causes and effects of corrosion, destructively affecting the technical condition and operational reliability of injectors used in Common Rail supply systems. In addition, the analysis was made regarding damage to compression-ignition (diesel) engines with common-rail supply systems occurring in the operation of injectors caused by external and internal operating factors. Studies on injection equipment wear were carried out with the use of Hitachi S-3400 scanning electron microscope. Photos were also taken at the repair workshop of the needle surface and the socket using D.O. Smart digital microscope with specialized fibre optic lighting. Worn components were analyzed, indicating the elements most frequently subject to destructive processes. The possibilities of diagnosing subassemblies of Common Rail injection systems were indicated.W artykule przedstawiono przyczyny i skutki korozji, wpływającej destrukcyjnie na stan techniczny oraz niezawodność eksploatacyjną wtryskiwaczy stosowanych w układach zasilania Common Rail. Ponadto dokonano analizy uszkodzeń silników o zapłonie samoczynnym z układami zasilania typu Common Rail występujących w pracy wtryskiwaczy spowodowanymi zewnętrznymi i wewnętrznymi czynnikami eksploatacyjnymi. Przeprowadzono badania zużyć aparatury wtryskowej z zastosowaniem skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego Hitachi S-3400. Wykonano również zdjęcia w serwisie zajmującym się naprawą powierzchni iglicy i gniazda mikroskopem cyfrowym D.O. Smart ze specjalistycznym oświetleniem światłowodowym. Analizie poddano zużyte części składowe, wskazując na elementy najczęściej ulegające procesom niszczącym. Wskazano na możliwości diagnozowania podzespołów układów wtryskowych Common Rail

Uszkodzenia kawitacyjne w silnikach pojazdów rolniczych

The article identifies and analyses selected examples of cavitation erosion occurring in farm tractor engines and their systems at different mileages. The analysis has been carried out on the basis of known theoretical rudiments of this phenomenon. The paper presents photographs from maintenance work selected by the authors, which illustrate the discussed matter graphically. There is a discussion on how to prevent cavitation phenomena occurring in coolant, which induce engine defects.W artykule poddano identyfikacji i przeanalizowano wybrane przykłady występowania erozji kawitacyjnej w silnikach ciągników rolniczych i ich układach, po różnych przebiegach. Analizę przeprowadzono na podstawie znanych podstaw teoretycznych tego zjawiska. Zamieszczono zdjęcia wybrane przez autorów z pracy serwisowej, które graficznie przedstawiają zagadnienie. Omówiono również jak zapobiegać zjawiskom kawitacji w cieczy chłodzącej powodującej uszkodzenia silników

Nitrogen oxides concentrations and heat release characteristics of the Perkins 1104D-E44TA dual-fuel engine running with natural gas and diesel

In the near future, natural gas may become a fuel, which will see increased use in powering internal combustion engines. Due to its properties, it can be used to power spark-ignition engines without major obstacles. Yet using natural gas to power compression-ignition engines proves to be more difficult. One of the possibilities are the dual-fuel compression-ignition engines running with gas fuel and diesel fuel, enabling ignition through compression and combustion of gas fuel. The article presents the heat release characteristics of the Perkins 1104D-E44TA engine powered by compressed natural gas and diesel fuel. Characteristics of heat release are an image of the combustion process. They affect the engine performance indicators. The determined heat release characteristics for a dual-fuel-powered engine were compared with the heat release characteristics for a diesel engine under the same operating conditions. An analysis of heat release characteristics was carried in the scope of their influence on the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust of the tested engine. The effect of the relative amount of heat released and the heat release rate during the combustion process in the Perkins 1104D-E44TA engine cylinder running dual-fuel with CNG+diesel on the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust, as compared to the values measured when running with diesel fuel only, was demonstrated. Higher share of natural gas in the total amount of energy supplied to the engine cylinders results in greater differences in the course of the combustion process and result in a greater reduction in the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust of the tested engine

Analysis of the cooling system in tractors - contemporary possibilities of diagnosing

W artykule przedstawiono rozwiązania konstrukcyjne układów chłodzenia oraz poddano identyfikacji i przeanalizowano wybrane przykłady występowania niezdatności układu chłodzenia w silnikach spalinowych nowoczesnych ciągników rolniczych po różnych przebiegach. Przedstawiono metody diagnozowania i rozwiązywania problemów związanych z niesprawnością podzespołów układu chłodzenia. Analizę wykonano na podstawie znanych i spotykanych rodzajów usterek tych układów. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań niezdatności układów chłodzenia na przykładzie 25 ciągników skierowanych do napraw serwisowych.The article presents the design solutions of cooling systems and there has been identified and analyzed selected examples of the occurrence of the inability of cooling system in the combustion engines of modern agricultural tractors after various mileage. The methods of diagnosing and solving problems related to the failure of cooling system components are presented. The analysis was based on known and common faults of these systems. The results of the tests of the cooling systems were presented on the example of 25 tractors referred to the service repairs

Analysis of the uniqueness of the combustion process of the Perkins 1104D-E44TA engine in dual-fuel operation powered by natural gas and diesel fuel

The paper presents the results of the research on the uniqueness of the combustion process in the Perkins 1104D-E44TA engine already equipped with a Common Rail injection system, and then adapted on an engine test stand to dual-fuel operation. The result of the combustion process is an indicator diagram. The combustion process in the cylinder of the tested engine was evaluated by determining the uniqueness indicators of subsequent operating cycles, such as: the uniqueness indicator for the maximum pressure of the operating cycle, the uniqueness indicator for the mean indicated pressure, the uniqueness indicator for the indicated diagram and the uniqueness indicator for the partial indicator diagram. The conducted tests and the analysis of the results showed the impact of dual-fuel power supply of the tested engine on the combustion process, as compared to supplying the engine only with diesel fuel, for which it has been optimized

Comparison of the Combustion Process Parameters in a Diesel Engine Powered by Second-Generation Biodiesel Compared to the First-Generation Biodiesel

The use of biofuels to power compression–ignition engines makes it possible to reduce emissions of certain harmful components of exhaust gases. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of second-generation biofuels on the course of indicator graphs and heat release characteristics of the Perkins 1104D-44TA compression–ignition engine. For comparative purposes, the same tests were carried out by feeding the engine with first-generation biofuel and diesel fuel. Babassu butyl esters (BBuE) were used as the second-generation biofuel. The second fuel was a first-generation biofuel—rapeseed oil methyl esters (RME). Analysis of the results made it possible to draw conclusions about the effect of using 2nd and 1st generation biofuels on the parameters of the combustion process. When the DF engine was powered, the lowest fuel dose per work cycle was obtained. In the case of RME and BBuE fuels, it depends on the engine load. For low loads, higher consumption is for RME, and for higher loads, fuel consumption for BBuE in-creases most often. This is due to the lower calorific value of the esters. The results of these tests indicate that feeding the engine with BBuE and RME fuel in most loads resulted in higher maximum combustion pressures compared to feeding the engine with DF which may be directly related to the higher cetane number of these fuels compared to DF and the oxygen content of these fuels. Feeding the engine with BBuE and RME esters compared to DF did not result in large differences in the maximum heat release rates HRmax. However, the values of the first and second maximum heat release rates x1max and x2max, in addition to the type of fuel, are strongly influenced by the operating conditions, especially the engine load. Analyzing the combustion angles of 5, 10, 50, and 90% of the fuel dose, it can be seen that feeding the engine with BBuE and RME esters for most measurement points results in faster combustion of the fuel dose compared to DF