Nutritional Patterns, Anthropometric and Sociodemographic Aspects Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is the most frequent metabolic disorder during pregnancy. Its development is related to multiple factors and is associated with maternal and perinatal adverse effects. This study aims to determine the association of nutritional patterns, anthropometric and sociodemographic aspects with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and perinatal results. A prospective cohort study was conducted on 237 pregnant women with the application of questionnaires: structured, global physical activity (GPAQ), 24-hour recall, and review of the perinatal medical history. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to determine the nutritional patterns; descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analysis between the groups of patients with GDM and without GDM in users of the Centro de salud de Puengasí 2, and the Hospital Gineco Obstetrico Isidro Ayora in the city of Quito, from January to September 2021. Three nutritional patterns were identified in pregnant women. There was a difference in the variables, such as age, years of study, previous pregnancies, weight, and body mass index (BMI) for gestational age at the beginning of pregnancy between pregnant women diagnosed with GDM and those without GDM. Multivariate analysis confirms the association of GDM with BMI for gestational age at the start of pregnancy RR 0.293 (0.08-0.970) and passive smoking RR 0.037 (0.00196-0.701). No association with nutritional patterns was found. In conclusion,the affinity for nutritional patterns and physical activity does not show an association with GDM. The association between BMI for gestational age at the beginning of pregnancy and passive smoking with GDM is confirmed. Keywords: gestational diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, nutritional pattern, exercise. Resumen Introducción: La Diabetes es el trastorno metabólico mas frecuente durante la gestación, su desarrollo está relacionado a múltiples factores, y asociada a efectos adversos maternos y perinatales. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación de patrones nutricionales, aspectos antropométricos y sociodemográficos con el diagnóstico Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional (DMG) y resultados perinatales. Metodología: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo en 237 gestantes con la aplicación de cuestionarios: estructurado, global de actividad física (GPAQ), Recordatorio de 24 horas, y revisión de la historia clínica perinatal. Se realizó análisis factorial exploratorio para determinar los patrones nutricionales; análisis descriptivo, bivariado y multivariado entre los grupos de pacientes con DMG y sin DMG en usuarias del centro de salud Puengasí 2 y del Hospital Gineco-Obstétrico Isidro Ayora de la ciudad de Quito desde enero a septiembre 2021. Resultados: Se identificaron 3 patrones nutricionales en las gestantes. Hay diferencia en las variables: edad, años de estudio, gestas previas, peso e índice de masa corporal (IMC) para la edad gestacional al inicio del embarazo entre las gestantes con diagnóstico de DMG y sin DMG. El análisis multivariado confirma la asociación de DMG con el IMC para la edad gestacional al inicio del embarazo RR 0,293 (0,08- 0,970), y el tabaquismo pasivo RR 0,037 (0,00196-0,701). No se encontró asociación con los patrones nutricionales. Conclusiones: La afinidad por los patrones nutricionales y la actividad física no muestran asociación con DMG. Se confirma la asociación entre el IMC para la edad gestacional al inicio del embarazo y el tabaquismo pasivo con DMG. Palabras Clave: diabetes mellitus gestacional, gestación, patrón nutricional, ejercicio

Nutritional Patterns, Anthropometric and Sociodemographic Aspects Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract Diabetes is the most frequent metabolic disorder during pregnancy. Its development is related to multiple factors and is associated with maternal and perinatal adverse effects. This study aims to determine the association of nutritional patterns, anthropometric and sociodemographic aspects with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and perinatal results. A prospective cohort study was conducted on 237 pregnant women with the application of questionnaires: structured, global physical activity (GPAQ), 24-hour recall, and review of the perinatal medical history. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to determine the nutritional patterns; descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analysis between the groups of patients with GDM and without GDM in users of the Centro de salud de Puengasí 2, and the Hospital Gineco Obstetrico Isidro Ayora in the city of Quito, from January to September 2021. Three nutritional patterns were identified in pregnant women. There was a difference in the variables, such as age, years of study, previous pregnancies, weight, and body mass index (BMI) for gestational age at the beginning of pregnancy between pregnant women diagnosed with GDM and those without GDM. Multivariate analysis confirms the association of GDM with BMI for gestational age at the start of pregnancy RR 0.293 (0.08-0.970) and passive smoking RR 0.037 (0.00196-0.701). No association with nutritional patterns was found. In conclusion,the affinity for nutritional patterns and physical activity does not show an association with GDM. The association between BMI for gestational age at the beginning of pregnancy and passive smoking with GDM is confirmed