Confronting pentaquark photoproduction with new LHCb observations

The newly measurement of production fractions of $P_c$ states by LHCb collaboration have put restriction on their branching ratios of $J/\psi p$ decay, thus constraining their photoproduction in $\gamma p\to J/\psi p$ reaction. We show the tension between LHCb results and the current experiments in search of $P_c$ photoproduction. We also find that the present information of branching ratios of $P_c\to J/\psi p$ has already confronted sharply with the models which study the nature of $P_c$

Probability Thermodynamics and Probability Quantum Field

In this paper, we introduce probability thermodynamics and probability quantum fields. By probability we mean that there is an unknown operator, physical or nonphysical, whose eigenvalues obey a certain statistical distribution. Eigenvalue spectra define spectral functions. Various thermodynamic quantities in thermodynamics and effective actions in quantum field theory are all spectral functions. In the scheme, eigenvalues obey a probability distribution, so a probability distribution determines a family of spectral functions in thermodynamics and in quantum field theory. This leads to probability thermodynamics and probability quantum fields determined by a probability distribution. There are two types of spectra: lower bounded spectra, corresponding to the probability distribution with nonnegative random variables, and the lower unbounded spectra, corresponding to probability distributions with negative random variables. For lower unbounded spectra, we use the generalized definition of spectral functions. In some cases, we encounter divergences. We remove the divergence by a renormalization procedure. Moreover, in virtue of spectral theory in physics, we generalize some concepts in probability theory. For example, the moment generating function in probability theory does not always exist. We redefine the moment generating function as the generalized heat kernel, which makes the concept definable when the definition in probability theory fails. As examples, we construct examples corresponding to some probability distributions. Thermodynamic quantities, vacuum amplitudes, one-loop effective actions, and vacuum energies for various probability distributions are presented

Microbial communities and arsenic biogeochemistry at the outflow of an alkaline sulfide-rich hot spring.

Alkaline sulfide-rich hot springs provide a unique environment for microbial community and arsenic (As) biogeochemistry. In this study, a representative alkaline sulfide-rich hot spring, Zimeiquan in the Tengchong geothermal area, was chosen to study arsenic geochemistry and microbial community using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Over 0.26 million 16S rRNA sequence reads were obtained from 5-paired parallel water and sediment samples along the hot spring's outflow channel. High ratios of As(V)/AsSum (total combined arsenate and arsenite concentrations) (0.59-0.78), coupled with high sulfide (up to 5.87 mg/L), were present in the hot spring's pools, which suggested As(III) oxidation occurred. Along the outflow channel, AsSum increased from 5.45 to 13.86 μmol/L, and the combined sulfide and sulfate concentrations increased from 292.02 to 364.28 μmol/L. These increases were primarily attributed to thioarsenic transformation. Temperature, sulfide, As and dissolved oxygen significantly shaped the microbial communities between not only the pools and downstream samples, but also water and sediment samples. Results implied that the upstream Thermocrinis was responsible for the transformation of thioarsenic to As(III) and the downstream Thermus contributed to derived As(III) oxidation. This study improves our understanding of microbially-mediated As transformation in alkaline sulfide-rich hot springs