Daytime variations in glucose tolerance in people with impaired glucose tolerance

To determine whether glucose tolerance varies throughout the day in people with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). We studied 15 healthy IGT, and 18 matched normal glucose tolerant (NGT) individuals. Blood samples were taken every 30-120 min during a 24 h period in which all individuals had three mixed meals and nocturnal sleep. We measured glucose, free fatty acids, specific insulin, intact proinsulin, cortisol and growth hormone. Variable responses were considered as concentrations and areas under the curves. Comparison between the groups was by Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney, and analysis of variance. Higher total glucose response, inappropriate normal total insulin response, and unproportionally increased proinsulin total response were observed in the IGT group. Lower glucose tolerance occurred in IGT after dinner, as in the NGT, and after breakfast associated with increased insulin response after breakfast, and similar proinsulin response after all three meals. IGT had higher glucose response than NGT after breakfast and lunch, similar insulin responses, and increased proinsulin-insulin ratio after all three meals. Data from this study demonstrate that IGT individuals present lower glucose tolerance in the evening, as those with NGT, and in the morning, as reported in patients with type 2 diabetes. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Contribuição da glicemia pós-desjejum para o controle glicêmico do paciente com diabetes melito tipo 2

Estudos epidemiológicos observaram que glicemias pós-prandiais (GPPs) elevadas são fator principal na ocorrência de doenças cardiovasculares. Sabe-se que a hemoglobina glicada (HbA1C) reflete a glicemia média dos últimos 2-3 meses, entretanto é controversa a contribuição relativa da glicemia de jejum (GJ) e GPP para o valor da HbA1C. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a contribuição da GJ e GPPs para o valor da HbA1C em pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 2 (DM2). MÉTODOS: Participaram 53 indivíduos com DM2, estáveis e em tratamento com antidiabéticos orais (n= 27) e/ou insulina (n= 26). Cada paciente comparecia a 3 visitas a intervalos de 2 meses. em cada visita era medida a GJ, as GPPs (2h pós-desjejum: GPD e pós-almoço: GPA) e a HbA1C, sendo fornecido o desjejum e o almoço segundo seus hábitos alimentares. Mediu-se a glicose plasmática pela glicose-oxidase e a HbA1C, pela cromatografia de troca iônica. Realizou-se a análise das associações pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, com P< 0,05. RESULTADOS: A HbA1C correlacionou-se melhor em cada visita ao longo do estudo com a GPD (r: 0,66­0,48), a glicemia média (r: 0,64­0,41), a área abaixo da curva glicêmica (r : 0,64­0,46) e a GPP média (r: 0,59­0,41). CONCLUSÕES: A GPD mostrou-se um parâmetro eficaz adicional no monitoramento glicêmico dos pacientes com DM2.Epidemiological studies have documented that postprandial hyperglycemia is the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. It has been established that glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) provides an integrated measure of plasma glucose (PG) of the last 2-3 months. However, the relative contribution of fasting PG (FPG) and postprandial PG (PPG) to the HbA1C value is controversial. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate FPG and PPG contributions to the HbA1C value in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). METHODS: 53 subjects with stable DM2 were studied. They were treated with oral anti-diabetic agents (n= 27) and/or insulin (n= 26). Each subject went to 3 visits at 2-month-intervals. on each visit, FPG, PPG (2h after breakfast and lunch), and HbA1C were measured and we provided breakfast and lunch according to their meal habits. PG was measured by glucose-oxidase and HbA1C by ion-exchange chromatography. Statistical analysis was performed by correlation coefficients at a <0.05 P value. RESULTS: Correlations were stronger between HbA1C and post-breakfast PG (r: 0.66­0.48), mean FPG (r: 0.64­0.41), glucose area under the curve (r: 0.64­0.46), and mean PPG (r: 0.59­0.41). CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of post-breakfast PG showed to be another valuable tool for type 2 diabetic glucose control monitoring

TSH and TPOAB as predictors of thyroid disease in diabetic patients

We tested the values of antithyroid peroxidase antibody and thyrotropin levels for the development of thyroid dysfunction in 109 diabetic patients. Baseline thyrotropin level was a predictor of thyroid dysfunction in diabetic patients, excluding nodular disease. The antithyroid peroxidase antibody had no predictive value for thyroid dysfunction

Disfunção arterial como possível mecanismo de agressão cardíaca em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo II. Estudo Doppler-ecocardiográfico

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a estrutura e função do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e a rigidez arterial em portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo II. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 13 doentes diabéticos de ambos os sexos (55±8 anos) sem outras doenças. A estrutura e função do VE foram avaliadas por meio de ecodopplercardiografia associada à monitorização não invasiva da pressão arterial (PA). Os resultados foram comparados aos obtidos em grupo de indivíduos normais de mesma idade (n=12). RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças entre os grupos quanto a PA diastólica, dimensões das câmaras esquerdas e índices de função sistólica e diastólica. Os pacientes diabéticos apresentaram índice de massa do VE (101±10 vs 80±14g/m²; p<0,001) e índice de rigidez arterial sistêmica (0,86±0,26 vs 0,69±0,19mmHg/mL; p<0,05) significantemente maiores que os controles. CONCLUSÃO: O diabetes mellitus está associado a aumento da rigidez arterial sistêmica e esse fator poderia contribuir para seus efeitos adversos sobre o VE.PURPOSE: To evaluate the left ventricular structure and function and the arterial stiffness in type II diabetic patients. METHODS: Thirteen diabetic patients, men and women (age 55±8 years) were included in the study. None of the patients had any other clinical disorders. Doppler-echocardiography and non-invasive monitoring of arterial blood pressure were performed. All the results were compared to an age and sex matched control group (n=12). RESULTS: There were no differences between the groups for diastolic blood pressure, dimensions of cardiac chambers and ventricular systolic and diastolic function indexes. Diabetic patients had increased left ventricular mass index (101±10 vs 80±14g/m²; p<0.001) and increased arterial stiffness (0.86±0.26 vs 0.69±0.19mmHg/mL; p<0.05), when compared to control group. CONCLUSION: Diabetes mellitus is associated to increased systemic arterial stiffness and this may contribute to the adverse effects of diabetes on left ventricular morphology

Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em mulheres com passado de distúrbios hiperglicêmicos na gestação

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a freqüência de hipertensão arterial (HA) em mulheres, após 3 a 12 anos da gestação-alvo e na época, classificadas em um dos 4 grupos: TGN: tolerância à glicose normal; HDG: hiperglicemia diária gestacional; DMG: diabetes melito gestacional; DMG e HDG. MÉTODOS: de 3.113 gestantes, participaram 535 mulheres selecionadas por processo aleatório e proporcional ao número em cada grupo. As mulheres TGN diferiam das demais na maioria das características clínicas consideradas. Mediu-se a pressão arterial de todas as participantes. Utilizaram-se os testes de Goodman e do qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: A freqüência de HA foi maior nas mulheres DMG e HDG que nas TGN (40,9 vs. 23,6%; P<0,05) e intermediária, semelhante entre si e às anteriores, nas HDG e nas DMG (28,3 e 31,2%, respectivamente). Ter sido do grupo DMG e HDG dobra o risco para HA. CONCLUSÃO: Mulheres com passado de DMG e HDG têm risco aumentado para HA, além daquele para o diabetes.OBJECTIVE: To compare hypertension frequency in women, 3 to 12 years after the index-pregnancy, when they were classified into 4 groups: NGT: normal glucose tolerance; GHG: gestational hyperglycemia; GDM: gestacional diabetes mellitus; GDM plus GHG. METHODS: From 3,113 pregnant women, 535 were participants and selected by a process that was randomized and proportional to the group number. NGT women were different from the others in most of the clinical parameters. All women had their blood pressure evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed by Goodman's and chi-square tests. RESULTS: Hypertension frequency was higher in GDM plus GHG women than in NGT women (40.9 vs. 23.6%; P<0.05). It was similar in GHG and GDM women and not different from NGT and GDM plus GHG women (28.3 and 31.2%, respectively). To have been in GDM plus GHG group increases the risk of hypertension twice. CONCLUSION: Women with previous GDM plus GHG have higher risk of hypertension, in addition to that of type 2 diabetes

Associação de tireopatias em uma população de pacientes com diabetes

OBJETIVO: Avaliar morfológica e funcionalmente a tireóide de pacientes com diabetes mellitus (DM) acompanhados ambulatorialmente no Hospital das Clínicas de Botucatu. MÉTODOS: No período de 1996 a 1998, a todo paciente com DM, exceto os com tireopatia prévia, era solicitada dosagem sérica de T4L, TSH, anti-TPO e TRAb e ultra-sonografia (US) da tireóide. Diagnosticou-se tireopatia quando havia dois ou mais parâmetros séricos ou a US alterados. Procedeu-se igualmente com pacientes ambulatoriais da mesma Instituição, sem DM e não-tireopatas prévios (controle). RESULTADOS: Os 256 pacientes com DM apresentaram maior freqüência de tireopatias que os 75 controles (51,6% vs. 38,7%; P<0,05). Entre os com tireopatias, ambos os grupos não diferiram quanto ao estado funcional da tireóide. Entre os pacientes com DM com e sem tireopatias, os primeiros apresentaram maior freqüência de mulheres, de DM tipo 2 e de história familiar de tireopatia. CONCLUSÕES: A elevada prevalência de tireopatias na população com DM conduz à recomendação de avaliação tireoidiana em todo paciente com DM.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate thyroid function and morphology in all diabetic outpatients from our institution. METHODS: From 1996 to 1998, all diabetic patients were submitted to thyroid ultrasonography (US) and serum measurement of free T4, TSH, TPOAB, and TRAb. The control group, encompassing outpatients of the same hospital without diabetes and thyroid diseases, was submitted to the same evaluation. A patient was shown to have thyroid disorder when two or more measurements were altered, or when the US was abnormal. RESULTS: The diabetic patients (n= 256) differed from controls (n= 75) by presenting a greater frequency of thyroid disorders (51.6% vs. 38.7%; P<0.05). In patients with thyroid disorders, both groups did not differ regarding thyroid function. In diabetic patients with thyroid disorders there was a higher frequency of women, type 2 diabetes, and family history of thyroid disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of thyroid disorders in the diabetic population leads us to recommend thyroid evaluations in all diabetic patients