Remembering the First Crusade: Latin Narrative Histories 1099-c.1300

The success of the First Crusade by the Christian armies caught the interest and arrested the imagination of contemporaries, stimulating the production of a large number of historical narratives. Four eyewitness accounts, as well as letters written by the crusaders to the West, were taken up by later authors, re-worked and re-fashioned into new narratives; a process which continued throughout the twelfth century and beyond. This thesis sets out to explore why contemporaries continued to write about the First Crusade in light of medieval attitudes towards the past, how authors constructed their narratives and how the crusade and the crusaders were remembered throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It will analyse the development in the way the First Crusade was recorded and investigate the social, religious, intellectual and political influences dictating change: How, why and under what circumstances was the story re- told? What changed in the re-telling? What ideas and concepts were the authors trying to communicate and what was their meaning for contemporaries? The thesis will also aim to place these texts not only in their historical but also in their literary contexts, analyse the literary traditions from which authors were writing, and consider the impact the crusade had on medieval literature. The focus will be on Latin histories of the First Crusade, especially those written in England and France, which produced the greatest number of narratives. Those written in the Levant, the subject of these histories, will also be discussed, as well as texts written in the Empire and in Italy

Macronutrient balances for 100%CAPS (black), 100%Control (light grey), 75%CAPS (dark grey) and 75%Control (white) conditions in fifteen subjects (seven female and eight male).

<p>Macronutrient balances for 100%CAPS (black), 100%Control (light grey), 75%CAPS (dark grey) and 75%Control (white) conditions in fifteen subjects (seven female and eight male).</p

Flow diagram (CONSORT).

<p>Flow diagram (CONSORT).</p

Total energy expenditure, components of energy expenditure, energy intake, substrate oxidation and mean RQ during the four conditions (n = 15).

*<p>p<0.05 compared to 100%CAPS, ** p<0.01 compared to 100%CAPS.</p>#<p>p<0.05 compared to 100%Control, ^## p<0.01 compared to 100%Control.</p><p>EI: Energy intake; EB: Energy balance; TEE: Total energy expenditure; REE: Resting energy expenditure; SMR: Sleeping metabolic rate; DIT: Diet-induced thermogenesis; AEE: Activity-induced energy expenditure; RQ: Respiratory quotient.</p

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements for the conditions 100%CAPS, 100%Control, 75%CAPS and 75%Control as measured 15 minutes before the meals (n = 15).

<p>Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements for the conditions 100%CAPS, 100%Control, 75%CAPS and 75%Control as measured 15 minutes before the meals (n = 15).</p

Genotypic and allelic distribution.

<p>SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; G, genotype; F, frequency both absolute (N) and relative (%); COMT, catechol-O-methyl transferase. P-value obtained from the χ²-test of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.</p><p>Genotypic and allelic distribution.</p

Real-time energy expenditure (EE; kJ/min, 2A) and RQ (2B) before and after consumption of green tea (Black line) and placebo (Grey line) capsules in subjects carrying a COMT^L genotype (Solid line) and COMT^H genotype (Dotted line).

<p>Baseline resting energy expenditure and RQ were measured during the first 30 minutes. The vertical dotted line indicates the time that the treatment was given. Values are means (two-factor ANOVA with genotype as factor 1 and treatment as factor 2).</p

Ingredients per capsule (mg).

<p>PL, placebo; GT, green tea; GT: Sunphenon 90 LB (Taiyo Kagaku Co. Ltd, Mie, Japan) decaffeinated green tea extract. Subjects received three capsules per test day.</p><p>Ingredients per capsule (mg).</p

Subject characteristics.

<p>COMT^H, high activity catechol-O-methyl transferase genotype; COMT^L, low activity catechol-O-methyl transferase genotype; BMI, body mass index; FM, fat mass; FFM, fat free mass. Values are means ± standard deviations. Data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA.</p><p>Subject characteristics.</p