Effects of original habitat and endophyte status on inflorescence production of <i>Festuca rubra</i> grasses grown in a common garden in different years.

<p>Abbreviations: Exp.Var. = explanatory variable, Endo = Endophyte status.</p

Inflorescence production of plants.

<p>The number of inflorescences of infected (E+), manipulatively infected (ME+), endophyte-free (E-) and manipulatively endophyte-free (ME-) <i>Festuca rubra</i> plants (F₁ generation) originating from meadow and river bank habitats (parental generation) growing in a common garden between 2004–2008 (yearly means ± S.E.).</p

Loss of infection in sexually produced seedlings.

<p>Proportional (%) loss of endophyte infection in <i>Festuca rubra</i> seedlings (F₂ generation). Of the 47 endophyte-infected (E+) mother plants (F₁ generation), 14 produced offspring of exclusively endophyte-infected seedlings (total = 20), 13 produced offspring of exclusively endophyte-free seedlings (total = 19), while 20 mother plants produced progenies consisting of both E+ and E- seedlings (44 and 37, respectively) in the F₂ generation. Similarly, three and four out of 12 manipulatively endophyte-infected (ME+) mother plants produced offspring of exclusively endophyte-infected (total = 3) or –free (total = 4) seedlings, and five of the mother plants produced progenies consisting of both E+ and E- seedlings (10 and 13, respectively) in the F₂ generation. In total, E+ mother plants produced 63 and 57, and ME+ mother plants, 21 and 16 established E+ and E- seedlings, respectively.</p

Repeated measures analysis for inflorescence production of <i>Festuca rubra</i> grasses in a common garden.

<p>Repeated measures analysis for inflorescence production of <i>Festuca rubra</i> grasses in a common garden.</p

Host fitness and context dependency in defensive symbiosis.

<p>Average host fitness with or without a protective symbiont in relation to risk of attack. Defensive mutualism assumes that the symbiont improves host fitness in the presence of the enemy (h = 1), however the symbiont itself may (A) or may not (B) incur a fitness cost for the host in the absence of the enemy (h = 0).</p

Overall reaction of sheep to ergoty feed.

<p>A decision tree representing the average probabilities of rams' (n = 6) approaches and decisions between ergoty and control forage in a food choice test. The final choice signifies the alternative eventually chosen for eating.</p

Effect of ergot on host fitness.

<p>Parameter space where ergot infection has a positive (below the lines) or negative (above the lines) net effect on host fitness. β = relative loss of seeds due to ergot infection, d = protective effect of ergot infection, hα = cost of herbivory.</p

Individual sheep reactions to ergoty feed.

<p>Single rams' (A–F) actions relating to ergot-containing feed on different rounds of a food choice test. The column colours indicate the proportion of actions within trials: white, ergoty feed not approached; grey, ergoty feed rejected; black, ergoty feed chosen.</p

Appendix A. Images of one of the three study sites (Mierasluoppal) with three levels of natural moth herbivory damage near Utsjoki, in the northernmost region of Finnish Lapland in 2009.

Images of one of the three study sites (Mierasluoppal) with three levels of natural moth herbivory damage near Utsjoki, in the northernmost region of Finnish Lapland in 2009