ფოტო ბაადურ ქობლიანიძის კოლექციიდან

Plots of ASD and ADHD effects in the three experimental groups. Contains plots of the effects of ASD and ADHD on reward anticipation split across the three experimental groups. (PDF 317 kb

Additional file 3: of Distinct effects of ASD and ADHD symptoms on reward anticipation in participants with ADHD, their unaffected siblings and healthy controls: a cross-sectional study

Algorithm for ADHD diagnosis in NeuroIMAGE. Describes the diagnostic algorithm for assessment of ADHD in NeuroIMAGE. (PDF 531 kb

ASD scores are significantly positively correlated with total grey matter volume.

<p>The volumes of grey and white matter are normalised for total intracranial volume. A regression line is plotted where the Pearson’s product-moment correlation is significant with p<0.05. ASD symptom score refers to an aggregate score from the four Children’s Social and Behavioural Questionnaire (CSBQ) subscales, (1) social interest, (2) social understanding, (3) stereotypy and (4) resistance to change. Abbreviations: con, Control; unaf sib, Unaffected Siblings, adhd, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder.</p

ASD scores decrease significantly with age within the ADHD groups.

<p>A regression line is plotted where the Pearson’s product-moment correlation is significant with p<0.05. ASD score refers to an aggregate score from the four Children’s Social and Behavioural Questionnaire (CSBQ) subscales, (1) social interest, (2) social understanding, (3) stereotypy and (4) resistance to change. Abbreviations: con, Control; unaf sib, Unaffected Siblings, ADHD, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder.</p

Final, generalised mixed-effect model showing fixed effects for ASD score modelled against white matter residual and grey matter volumes.

<p>Formula: </p><p></p><p></p><p>“∼” means modelled against, and “(1| factor)” means that a factor is included as a random effect.</p><p>A generalised mixed-effect model is run using normalised volumes of grey and white matter as explanatory variables together with age as a random effect. ASD score is set as the response variable. The final model is derived following an iterative model selection procedure that involves comparing successive models using Akaike’s Information Criterion (see Methods for detailed description of model selection procedure). ASD score refers to an aggregate score from the four Children’s Social and Behavioural Questionnaire (CSBQ) subscales, (1) social interest, (2) social understanding, (3) stereotypy and (4) resistance to change.</p><p>Abbreviations: WM, normalised WM volume; GM, normalised GM volume; US, unaffected siblings; WM:GM, WM by GM interaction; US: Age, unaffected sibling by Age interaction; ADHD:Age, ADHD by Age interaction.</p

Demographic and cognitive characteristics of the sample groups.

<p>Values are mean ± standard deviation. Significance was set at p<0.05. All p-values refer to ANOVAs, except for gender where the p-value refers to a chi-square test. Where ANOVA’s returned a significant result, post-hoc Tukey Honest Significant Difference (Tukey HSD) tests were performed. US - Con, refers to a pairwise comparison between unaffected siblings and controls. ADHD-Con, refers to a a pairwise comparison between ADHD and controls. ADHD - US, refers to a pairwise comparison between ADHD and unaffected siblings. Four subscales of the Children’s Social and Behavioural Questionnaire (CSBQ) which probe ASD spectrum symptoms are shown in this table: Social Interest, Social Understanding (Understanding), Stereotypy and Resistance to Change. ASD-total is calculated as a sum of these four subscales. ADHD-total scores are calculated according to the algorithm described in detail in the supplementary information (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0101130#pone.0101130.s007" target="_blank">Questionnaire Items S1</a>).</p><p>Abbreviations: Gender (m/f), Gender (male/female); Handedness (r/l/a), Handedness (right, left, ambidextrous).</p

ADHD subjects with low ASD scores have significantly lower total intracranial volume than control subjects (p<0.05).

<p>ADHD: low ASD is defined as a participant with ADHD and an ASD score of 20 or less. ADHD: high ASD is defined as a participant with ADHD and an ASD score greater than 20.</p

ASD score contour graph for the interaction between WM, GM and ASD scores.

<p>The best mixed effects model was converted into a function in R which allowed ASD scores to be extrapolated for a range of GM and WM volumes (see Methods for full description). The best mixed effects model included GM and WM residual terms (see Methods). Volumes are normalised for total intracranial volume. ASD score refers to an aggregate score from the four Children’s Social and Behavioural Questionnaire (CSBQ) subscales, (1) social interest, (2) social understanding, (3) stereotypy and (4) resistance to change.</p

ASD symptoms in healthy controls, unaffected siblings and ADHD.

<p>ADHD subjects were found to have significantly higher scores relative to both unaffected siblings and healthy controls. ***p<0.001, with post-hoc Tukey test, following an ANOVA. ASD symptom score refers to an aggregate score from the four Children’s Social and Behavioural Questionnaire (CSBQ) subscales, (1) social interest, (2) social understanding, (3) stereotypy and (4) resistance to change. Abbreviations: con, Control; unaf sib, Unaffected Siblings, adhd, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.</p