Evaluation of the environmental impacts of wood products for bio-energy through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

The use of wood for energy has grown in the last years as an alternative to fossil fuels. National and international laws promote the use of wood in the policies for the mitigation of climate change, based on the assumption that wood has a neutral carbon balance because the combustion emissions are offset by the absorption in forest (assumption of carbon neutrality). However, this assumption does not take into account the emissions associated with the life cycle of the product, e.g. related to processing and transporting biomass. In addition there is a time lag between the release of CO2 during combustion and its absorption in forest and this could have an impact on global warming. The objectives of this research project are: 1) to assess the environmental impacts of wood products through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); 2) to include the dynamics of forest carbon sequestration and natural decomposition of woody biomass in LCA. The research is conducted by means of two case studies: the first is the LCA of firewood in the Northern East Italy; the second concerns the production of wood chips in the Pacific Northwest in the United States. This dissertation consists in eight chapters. Chapter 1 describes the legislative framework and the state of the art of the international experiences and research projects on the subject. A review of literature studies was conducted highlighting the main limitations and defining the research objectives. Chapters 2 and 3 analyze the supply chain of wood products for bioenergy, providing reference data for the biomass extraction and production processes, the physico-chemical properties of wood and the LCA methodology, in terms of standards, databases, softwares and methodologies. Chapters 4 and 5 present the results of the two case studies which identify the transportation to be the critical phase of LCA, in the case of firewood related to the importation of raw materials from abroad, in the case of chips related to the transportation on forest road. Chapter 6 deals with the assessment of carbon sinks and stocks in the study areas previously analyzed. In Chapter 7 we face the problem of how to include forest carbon sequestration within the LCA. This led to the development of a methodology to perform a "dynamic LCA", which, in Chapter 8, is applied to a case study in the Pacific Northwest. The methodology is based on the use of radiative forcing to evaluate the impact of emissions and absorption sources on climate change. The results show that, in the case study considered, a "Radiative Forcing Turning Point" exists, i.e. a point located approximately in the middle of the forest rotation period (from 17 to 21 years old), where the life cycle impacts are compensated by carbon dioxide absorption and beyond which the biomass produces a net benefit in the carbon balance. The development of a dynamic LCA is very innovative in the context of LCA and allowed to discuss the veracity of the assumption of carbon neutrality

The Global Warming Potential of Building Materials: An Application of Life Cycle Analysis in Nepal

open6siThis paper analyzes the global-warming potential of materials used to construct the walls of 3 building types—traditional, semimodern, and modern—in Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone in Nepal, using the life-cycle assessment approach. Traditional buildings use local materials, mainly wood and stone, while semimodern and modern buildings use different amounts of commercial materials, such as cement and glass wool. A comparison of the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the 3 building types, using as the functional unit 1 m2 of wall, found that traditional buildings release about one-fourth of the greenhouse gas emissions released by semimodern buildings and less than one-fifth of the emissions of modern buildings. However, the use of thermal insulation in the modern building walls helps to reduce the energy consumption for space heating and consequently to reduce the global warming potential. In 25 years, the total global warming potential of a traditional building will be 20% higher than that of a modern building. If local materials, such as wood, are used in building construction, the emissions from production and transportation could be dramatically reduced.openBhochhibhoya, Silu; Zanetti, Michela; Pierobon, Francesca; Gatto, Paola; Maskey, R. K.; Cavalli, RaffaeleBhochhibhoya, Silu; Zanetti, Michela; Pierobon, Francesca; Gatto, Paola; Maskey, R. K.; Cavalli, Raffael

Presentation of the Psycho-Cardiological Schedule and convergence levels analyses among the psycho-cardiological screening and the psychological assessment

In Cardiovascular Rehabilitation the increasing inpatients complexity suggests the necessity to develop screening methods which allow to identify those patients that require a psychological intervention. Material and methods: A Psycho-Cardiological Schedule (PCS) was developed with the aim of detecting the critical situation indicators or the presence of psychological, social and cognitive problems. The PCS, compiled by a nurse or cardiologist in collaboration with a psychologist, allows to assess the need for a deeper psychological examination, clinical and/or with tests. Aim of the present study is to identify the convergence levels among the observational and anamnestic data of the PCS collected by a nurse and the clinical and/or test data of the psychological deeper assessment. Results: Among the 87 patients recruited in January- February 2010, 28 (aged 53.5±12.6, M=20, F=8) fulfilled the criteria for a deeper psychological examination: age <50, manifestation of psychological/behavioural problems, neuropsychological disorders, low adherence to prescriptions, inadequate disease knowledge/representation. From data comparisons emerged convergence levels with 100% concordance as to smoke habits and problems in social-family support. High convergence levels also resulted as to emotional and/or behavioural problems (92.8%) and inadequate adherence to prescriptions (89.3%). Lower levels of concordance (82.1%) emerged when considering disease knowledge/ representation, issues specifically linked to cognition and subjective illness experience, not directly detectable from behaviour. Conclusions: our data confirm the synergic efficacy of the two evaluations: the Psycho-Cardiological Schedule reliably identifies the problematic macro-categories, mainly if they are characterized by behavioural indicators, which facilitate the detection. The psychological approach appears more suitable for better specifing macro-categories characteristics and for detecting critical aspects not overt but not less important, providing therefore advice for a therapeutic psychological management

Into the cognitive constructs related to adherence to treatment in CHD outpatients: the importance of accepting the disease limitations

Background and aims: Poor adherence to clinical prescriptions has been recognized as a major problem in management of chronic diseases. Only few studies tried to identify which factors could be considered predictive of low adherence to pharmacological and non pharmacological prescriptions in Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) patients. The aims of our observational-longitudinal study were to assess in CHD outpatients admitted to a Cardiological Day Hospital (DH): self-reported knowledge and acceptance about illness, perceived self-efficacy in disease management and emotional status, and the possible relationships among these variables. Methods: Patients were assessed at baseline during the first days of DH and few days before discharge (follow-up) by the Adherence Schedule in Ischemic Heart Disease (ASIHD) and by the Anxiety and Depression Scale (AD). The ASIHD is a tool specifically aimed at evaluating the cognitive, relational and behavioural antecedents of adherence to treatment of patients suffering CHD. The rehabilitation programme comprised: individualized physical training, nutrition monitoring, psychological assessment and psychoeducational interventions, when indicated. Baseline and follow- up clinical data, ASHID and AD scores were analysed both considering the whole sample (n=117) and the subgroup which met the clinical criteria for psychological counselling (n=35, psychologically treated group). Intracorrelation and intercorrelation coefficients of the whole sample baseline data were calculated among ASIHD, AD scores and socio-demographic data. Results: Our CHD outpatients (62.6±9.3 years) were mainly male, married and retired. They had 5,2 years of illness on the average, and only 9% of them were still smokers, whereas 62% had smoked in the past. Total and LDL cholesterol levels showed a significant reduction at follow up evaluation. Among ASIHD baseline item scores, many statistically significant intracorrelations emerged, in particular: disease limitations acceptance showed significant positive correlations with disease knowledge (r=.34, p=.0001), family/friend support (r=.27, p=.003), following dietary prescriptions (r=.38, p=.0001), exercise (r=.35, p=.0001), taking medicines punctually (r=.35, p=.0001), identifying physical/ psychological fatigue (r=.45, p=.0001), monitoring clinical parameters (r=.42, p=.0001), management of stressful situations (r=.26, p=.006), and reducing stress sources (r=.34, p=.0001). Concerning the significant intercorrelations between AD and ASIHD scores, disease acceptance showed negative correlations with anxiety and depression (r=-.27, p=.004; r=-.26, p=.004 respectively). Conclusions: The pathway stemmed from our data enlights that in the area of cognitive and relational antecedents of adeherence, accepting the disease limitations can be considered a central issue in CHD patient’s illness adjustment and prescriptions adherence. Moreover, the ASHID resulted a useful synthetic schedule of psychological/behavioural variables regarding perceived self-efficacy in disease management. This may facilitate a synergic team work on common priorities that respect the point of view of the patient and the clinical-rehabilitation purposes

Evolving trends in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 waves. The ACIE appy II study

Background: In 2020, ACIE Appy study showed that COVID-19 pandemic heavily affected the management of patients with acute appendicitis (AA) worldwide, with an increased rate of non-operative management (NOM) strategies and a trend toward open surgery due to concern of virus transmission by laparoscopy and controversial recommendations on this issue. The aim of this study was to survey again the same group of surgeons to assess if any difference in management attitudes of AA had occurred in the later stages of the outbreak. Methods: From August 15 to September 30, 2021, an online questionnaire was sent to all 709 participants of the ACIE Appy study. The questionnaire included questions on personal protective equipment (PPE), local policies and screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection, NOM, surgical approach and disease presentations in 2021. The results were compared with the results from the previous study. Results: A total of 476 answers were collected (response rate 67.1%). Screening policies were significatively improved with most patients screened regardless of symptoms (89.5% vs. 37.4%) with PCR and antigenic test as the preferred test (74.1% vs. 26.3%). More patients tested positive before surgery and commercial systems were the preferred ones to filter smoke plumes during laparoscopy. Laparoscopic appendicectomy was the first option in the treatment of AA, with a declined use of NOM. Conclusion: Management of AA has improved in the last waves of pandemic. Increased evidence regarding SARS-COV-2 infection along with a timely healthcare systems response has been translated into tailored attitudes and a better care for patients with AA worldwide

Evaluation of the environmental impacts of wood products for bio-energy through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

The use of wood for energy has grown in the last years as an alternative to fossil fuels. National and international laws promote the use of wood in the policies for the mitigation of climate change, based on the assumption that wood has a neutral carbon balance because the combustion emissions are offset by the absorption in forest (assumption of carbon neutrality). However, this assumption does not take into account the emissions associated with the life cycle of the product, e.g. related to processing and transporting biomass. In addition there is a time lag between the release of CO2 during combustion and its absorption in forest and this could have an impact on global warming. The objectives of this research project are: 1) to assess the environmental impacts of wood products through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); 2) to include the dynamics of forest carbon sequestration and natural decomposition of woody biomass in LCA. The research is conducted by means of two case studies: the first is the LCA of firewood in the Northern East Italy; the second concerns the production of wood chips in the Pacific Northwest in the United States. This dissertation consists in eight chapters. Chapter 1 describes the legislative framework and the state of the art of the international experiences and research projects on the subject. A review of literature studies was conducted highlighting the main limitations and defining the research objectives. Chapters 2 and 3 analyze the supply chain of wood products for bioenergy, providing reference data for the biomass extraction and production processes, the physico-chemical properties of wood and the LCA methodology, in terms of standards, databases, softwares and methodologies. Chapters 4 and 5 present the results of the two case studies which identify the transportation to be the critical phase of LCA, in the case of firewood related to the importation of raw materials from abroad, in the case of chips related to the transportation on forest road. Chapter 6 deals with the assessment of carbon sinks and stocks in the study areas previously analyzed. In Chapter 7 we face the problem of how to include forest carbon sequestration within the LCA. This led to the development of a methodology to perform a "dynamic LCA", which, in Chapter 8, is applied to a case study in the Pacific Northwest. The methodology is based on the use of radiative forcing to evaluate the impact of emissions and absorption sources on climate change. The results show that, in the case study considered, a "Radiative Forcing Turning Point" exists, i.e. a point located approximately in the middle of the forest rotation period (from 17 to 21 years old), where the life cycle impacts are compensated by carbon dioxide absorption and beyond which the biomass produces a net benefit in the carbon balance. The development of a dynamic LCA is very innovative in the context of LCA and allowed to discuss the veracity of the assumption of carbon neutrality.L’uso di prodotti legnosi per fini energetici è cresciuto negli ultimi anni come alternativa ai combustibili fossili. Leggi nazionali e internazionali promuovono l’uso del legno nell’ambito delle politiche di mitigazione dei cambiamenti climatici, basandosi sull’assunzione che il legno abbia un bilancio di carbonio nullo, in quanto le emissioni rilasciate dalla sua combustione vengono compensate dagli assorbimenti in foresta (assunzione di carbon neutrality).Tuttavia, questa assunzione non tiene in considerazione le emissioni associate al ciclo di vita del prodotto, e.g, alla lavorazione e al trasporto della biomassa. Inoltre c’è uno sfasamento temporale tra il rilascio di CO2 nella combustione e il suo assorbimento in foresta e questo potrebbe avere conseguenze sul global warming. Gli obiettivi di questo progetto di ricerca sono: 1) valutare degli impatti ambientali dei prodotti legnosi attraverso Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); 2) includere le dinamiche forestali di assorbimento di anidride carbonica e decomposizione naturale della biomassa legnosa nell’LCA. La ricerca è condotta per mezzo di due casi studio: il primo è costituito dall’LCA della legna da ardere nel Nord-Est Italia; il secondo riguarda la produzione di cippato nell’area del Pacific Northwest negli Stati Uniti. La tesi è costituita da otto capitoli. Nel Capitolo 1 si descrivono il quadro legislativo e lo stato dell'arte delle esperienze internazionali e dei progetti di ricerca sull’argomento. Viene inoltre effettuata una review di studi di letteratura mettendone in luce le principali limitazioni e definendo gli obiettivi di ricerca. I Capitoli 2 e 3 analizzano la catena di fornitura dei prodotti legnosi per fini energetici, fornendo dati di riferimento per i processi di estrazione e produzione della biomassa e per le caratteristiche fisico-chimiche del legno e la metodologia LCA, in termini di standard, banche dati, software e metodologie disponibili. I Capitoli 4 e 5 presentano i risultati dei due casi studio che identificano nel trasporto la fase critica dell’LCA, nel caso della legna da ardere legato all’importazione della materia prima dall’estero, nel caso del cippato legato al trasporto su strada forestale. Il Capitolo 6 riguarda la valutazione dei carbon sinks e stocks nelle aree di studio precedentemente analizzate. Nel capitolo 7 si affronta il problema di come includere il sequestro di carbonio in foresta nell'ambito dell’LCA. Questo ha portato allo sviluppo di una metodologia per effettuare un "LCA dinamico", che, nel Capitolo 8, viene applicata ad un caso studio nel Pacific Northwest. La metodologia si base sull’utilizzo del forzante radiativo per valutare l’impatto delle diverse fonti di emissioni ed assorbimento sul cambiamento climatico. I risultati mostrano che, nel caso studio considerato, esiste un “Radiative Forcing Turning Point”, ovvero un punto, situato circa a metà del periodo di rotazione della foresta (tra 17 e 21 anni), dove gli impatti del ciclo di vita vengono compensati dagli assorbimenti di anidride carbonica e oltre il quale la biomassa produce un beneficio netto in termini di bilancio del carbonio. Lo sviluppo di un LCA dinamico è molto innovativo nel quadro dell’LCA e ha permesso discutere la veridicità dell'assunto della carbon neutralità

Product environmental footprint of a cross-laminated timber system: a case study in Italy

Purpose This study aims to apply the product environmental footprint (PEF) methodology to a wooden wall element, the Massiv\u2013Holz\u2013Mauer\uae (MHM), in an existing building in Northern Italy. The PEF is a multi-criteria measure of the environmental performance of products throughout their life cycle (European Commission 2013). Methods The environmental footprint of the MHM wall element was calculated for the impact categories required by the PEF, using a cradle-to-grave approach. Foreground data was collected at each life stage and completed using data from the Ecoinvent 3.1 database (Wernet et al. 2016). An additional analysis (optional according to the PEF methodology) was conducted for assessing the sustainability of forest management in the sites where wood is extracted from, using data from the forest management plan. Results and discussion The results show that, for most of the environmental indicators, the use phase has the highest environmental impact, followed by the production, end-of-life, raw material acquisition, and construction phases. These results depend on the different duration of the life cycle phases, and on the attribution of the total operational energy of the building to the structural components of the wall, though other factors, such as the efficiency of the heating system, may be responsible. Future PEF sectorial specification should specify how to account for the use phase of structural building components. For the majority of the impact categories, the impact is mainly due to processes that occur in the background system, such as production of capital goods and construction of facilities and storehouses. The wooden material production generates relatively low impacts, thanks to the fact that the wood is sourced locally and from forests where a close-to-nature forest management is adopted, characterized by natural regeneration without the use of fertilizers and pesticides. Conclusions This study shows that the PEF methodology can be successfully applied to a single wood supply chain, allowing the identification of the main hotspots and actions for reducing the environmental impacts. The PEF leaves space for additional environmental information, which, for some product categories, may play an important role. In the case of wood products, we suggest the inclusion of an assessment, even qualitative, of the sustainability of forest management

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Produced in Western Washington: The Role of Logistics and Wood Species Mix

The use of cross-laminated timber (CLT), as an environmentally sustainable building material, has generated significant interest among the wood products industry, architects and policy makers in Washington State. However, the environmental impacts of CLT panels can vary significantly depending on material logistics and wood species mix. This study developed a regionally specific cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of CLT produced in western Washington. Specifically, this study focused on transportation logistics, mill location, and relevant wood species mixes to provide a comparative analysis for CLT produced in the region. For this study, five sawmills (potential lamstock suppliers) in western Washington were selected along with two hypothetical CLT mills. The results show that the location of lumber suppliers, in reference to the CLT manufacturing facilities, and the wood species mix are important factors in determining the total environmental impacts of the CLT production. Additionally, changing wood species used for lumber from a heavier species such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) to a lighter species such as Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) could generate significant reduction in the global warming potential (GWP) of CLT. Given the size and location of the CLT manufacturing facilities, the mills can achieve up to 14% reduction in the overall GWP of the CLT panels by sourcing the lumber locally and using lighter wood species

Global Warming Mitigating Role of Wood Products from Washington State’s Private Forests

Similar to standing trees in the forests, wood products play an important role in enhancing the global sequestered carbon pool, by retaining the atmospheric carbon in a sequestered form for the duration of the functional life of the wood products. This study uses a temporal radiative forcing analysis along with the functional half-life of different wood products to evaluate the impacts of wood products on global warming, including carbon storage and life cycle greenhouse gas production/extraction emissions. The methodology is applied to Washington State’s aboveground biomass and timber harvest data, and to the State’s comprehensive wood products mix. A moderate harvest rate simulation within Washington Biomass Calculator is used to estimate state harvest level, and statewide wood products manufacturing data is used for developing wood product mix estimates. Using this method, we estimate that the temporal carbon storage leads to a global warming mitigation benefit equivalent to 4.3 million tCO2eq. Even after factoring in the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the harvest operations and wood products manufacturing processes, within the temporal model, the results show a net beneficial impact of approximately 1.7 million tCO2eq, on an annual basis. It can further be noted that Washington State’s annual biomass growth in its private forests exceeds its annual harvest, by a significant margin. This net yearly accumulation of biomass in the State’s private forests leads to additional global warming mitigation benefits equivalent to 7.4 million tCO2eq. Based on these results, we conclude that Washington’s private forestry industry is a net global warming mitigator for the State, equivalent to 12% of the State’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2015