Why are Immigrants' Incarceration Rates so Low? Evidence on Selective Immigration, Deterrence, and Deportation

The perception that immigration adversely affects crime rates led to legislation in the 1990s that particularly increased punishment of criminal aliens. In fact, immigrants have much lower institutionalization (incarceration) rates than the native born - on the order of one-fifth the rate of natives. More recently arrived immigrants have the lowest relative incarceration rates, and this difference increased from 1980 to 2000. We examine whether the improvement in immigrants' relative incarceration rates over the last three decades is linked to increased deportation, immigrant self-selection, or deterrence. Our evidence suggests that deportation does not drive the results. Rather, the process of migration selects individuals who either have lower criminal propensities or are more responsive to deterrent effects than the average native. Immigrants who were already in the country reduced their relative institutionalization probability over the decades; and the newly arrived immigrants in the 1980s and 1990s seem to be particularly unlikely to be involved in criminal activity, consistent with increasingly positive selection along this dimension.

The Role of Deportation in the Incarceration of Immigrants

Using data on all new admissions to California state prisons in 1986, 1990, and 1996, we find that the foreign born have a very different offense mix from native-born inmates, with foreigners much more likely to be serving time for drug offenses. We document and discuss many of the substantial changes in the enforcement environment over this period, including the war on drugs, changes in public law expanding the classes eligible for deportation, and increases in the level of resources appropriated for enforcement activities targeting deportable aliens. These developments have resulted in much greater attention by the Immigration and Naturalization Service to the incarceration of the foreign born. By 1996, the definition of deportable' was such that it covered essentially all noncitizens in the California prison system. Throughout the period, those foreign-born inmates designated by the California Department of Corrections to be released to INS custody serve substantially (6-12 percent) longer terms (conditional upon sentence length) than natives or other similar' foreigners. These longer terms of incarceration impose substantial costs on the state.

Why are immigrants' incarceration rates so low?: Evidence on selective immigration, deterrence, and deportation

Immigrants to the United States tend to have characteristics in common with native-born populations that are disproportionately incarcerated. The perception that immigration adversely affects crime rates led to legislation in the 1990s that particularly increased punishment of criminal aliens. In fact, immigrants have much lower institutionalization (incarceration) rates than the native bornon the order of one-fifth the rate of natives. More recently arrived immigrants have the lowest relative incarceration rates, and this difference increased from 1980 to 2000. We present a model of immigrant self-selection that suggests why, despite poor labor market outcomes, immigrants may have better incarceration outcomes than the native born. We examine whether the improvement in immigrants' relative incarceration rates over the last three decades is linked to increased deportation, immigrant self-selection, or deterrence. Our evidence suggests that deportation is not driving the results. Rather, the process of migration selects individuals who are more responsive to deterrent effects than the average native. Immigrants who were already in the country reduced their relative institutionalization probability over the decades; and the newly arrived immigrants in the 1980s and 1990s seem to be particularly unlikely to be involved in criminal activity, consistent with increasingly positive selection along this dimension

No Evidence for Disease History as a Risk Factor for Narcolepsy after A(H1N1)pdm09 Vaccination

OBJECTIVES: To investigate disease history before A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination as a risk factor for narcolepsy.METHODS: Case-control study in Sweden. Cases included persons referred for a Multiple Sleep Latency Test between 2009 and 2010, identified through diagnostic sleep centres and confirmed through independent review of medical charts. Controls, selected from the total population register, were matched to cases on age, gender, MSLT-referral date and county of residence. Disease history (prescriptions and diagnoses) and vaccination history was collected through telephone interviews and population-based healthcare registers. Conditional logistic regression was used to investigate disease history before A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination as a risk-factor for narcolepsy.RESULTS: In total, 72 narcolepsy cases and 251 controls were included (range 3-69 years mean19-years). Risk of narcolepsy was increased in individuals with a disease history of nervous system disorders (OR range = 3.6-8.8) and mental and behavioural disorders (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.6-8.8) before referral. In a second analysis of vaccinated individuals only, nearly all initial associations were no longer statistically significant and effect sizes were smaller (OR range = 1.3-2.6). A significant effect for antibiotics (OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.8) and a marginally significant effect for nervous system disorders was observed. In a third case-only analysis, comparing cases referred before vaccination to those referred after; prescriptions for nervous system disorders (OR = 26.0 95% CI 4.0-170.2) and ADHD (OR = 35.3 95% CI 3.4-369.9) were statistically significant during the vaccination period, suggesting initial associations were due to confounding by indication.CONCLUSION: The findings of this study do not support disease history before A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination as a risk factor for narcolepsy

Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers as a measure of disease activity and treatment efficacy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers can reflect different aspects of the pathophysiology of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Understanding the impact of different disease modifying therapies on the CSF biomarker profile may increase their implementation in clinical practice and their appropriateness for monitoring treatment efficacy. This study investigated the influence of first-line (interferon beta) and second-line (natalizumab) therapies on seven CSF biomarkers in RRMS and their correlation with clinical and radiological outcomes. We included 59 RRMS patients and 39 healthy controls. The concentrations of C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament light protein (NFL), and neurogranin were determined by ELISA, and chitotriosidase (CHIT1) was analyzed by spectrofluorometry. RRMS patients had higher levels of NFL, CXCL13, CHI3L1, and CHIT1 than controls (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed higher NFL, CXCL13 and CHIT1 levels in patients treated with first-line therapy compared to second-line therapy (p = 0.008, p = 0.001 and p = 0.026, respectively). NFL and CHIT1 levels correlated with relapse status, and NFL and CXCL13 levels correlated with the formation of new magnetic resonance imaging lesions. Furthermore, we found an association between inflammatory and degenerative biomarkers. The results indicate that CSF levels of NFL, CXCL13, CHI3L1, and CHIT1 correlate with the clinical and/or radiological disease activity, providing additional dimensions in the assessment of treatment efficacy

Результаты паратиреоидной аллотрансплантации

АЛЛОТРАНСПЛАНТАЦИЯГИПОПАРАТИРЕОЗИММУНОСУПРЕССИЯПАРАЩИТОВИДНЫЕ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ /хирТКАНЕВАЯ ТЕРАПИ

Prescribed Burning Guidelines in the Northern Great Plains

This publication provides guidelines with reasons, criteria, techniques, and examples of simple prescriptions which aid in the planning and execution of a safe and effective prescribed burning program for wildlife enhancement in grassland areas of the Northern Great Plains

Effects of Fire in the Northern Great Plains

Fire has been used inconsistently to manage native and tame grasslands in the Northern Great Plains (NGP) of the north-central U.S. and south-central Canada, particularly the grasslands found in prairies, plains, agricultural land retirement programs, and moist soil sites. This has happened for three primary reasons: (1) the reduction of American Indian use of fire after 1875, (2) fire suppression and land use changes that put increasingly more acres under annual tillage since about the same time, and (3) a growing resistance to the use of fire since about 1940, largely due to media overemphasis of its harmful effects (e.g., Bambi and Smokey the Bear ). Little can be done to change the first two factors but there is ample opportunity to change human attitudes about fire. Attitudes change when the knowledge (or lack of it) changes. We believe that people have been reluctant to include fire in resource management programs in the NGP because of a lack of adequate information about the effects of fire on the soils, plants, and animals in the region. This document provides information concerning fire effects on the grassland biome of the NGP, with special emphasis on the use of fire for wildlife management. In several instances we have drawn from published literature outside the geographic region, but only to provide a more complete reference for readers and decision makers. In most instances, we only state or abstract the published findings of others without interpretation, either pro or con. Readers can fit the information into their specific circumstances. English and scientific names are from Flora of the Great Plains by the Great Plains Flora Association and from the Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. territories, and Canada by RC. Banks, R.W. McDiarmid, and A.L. Gardner

Effects of Fire in the Northern Great Plains

This publication is a review of selected literature about prescribed burning in the Northern Great Plains for management of wildlife. It discusses the effect of fire on soil nutrients and minerals, upland grasses and forbs, undesirable species, shrubs, trees, certain plant species, emergent vegetation in prairie wetlands, insects, nongame birds, upland game birds, waterfowl, shorebirds, small mammals, and livestock