Proportions (%) of <i>Aedes</i> mosquito species collected as larvae among different types of breeding sites in rural, suburban, and urban areas in south-eastern Côte d'Ivoire from January 2013 to October 2014.

<p>Proportions (%) of <i>Aedes</i> mosquito species collected as larvae among different types of breeding sites in rural, suburban, and urban areas in south-eastern Côte d'Ivoire from January 2013 to October 2014.</p

<i>Aedes</i> species distribution and biodiversity among macrohabitats in oil palm-dominated landscapes in southeastern Côte d’Ivoire between January and December 2014.

<p><i>Aedes</i> species distribution and biodiversity among macrohabitats in oil palm-dominated landscapes in southeastern Côte d’Ivoire between January and December 2014.</p

Examples of MALDI-TOF MS spectra for <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> sensu stricto and <i>A. arabiensis</i>.

<p>Examples of representative MALDI-TOF MS spectra measured from 3 <i>A. arabiensis</i> (blue) and 3 <i>A. gambiae</i> s.s. (red) colonies. The spectra were taken from crude suspensions of heads and thoraces in SA solution. The vertical, dashed lines indicate peaks that are characteristic (but not exclusive) for one or the other species. The left panels show the whole spectra between 2 and 14 kDa, while the right panels zoom into two peaks. The two peaks are separated by only a few Daltons. While the left peak is more common in <i>A. arabiensis</i>, the right peak is more common in <i>A. gambiae</i> s.s. In this representation the peak intensities were normalised against the highest intensity measured in each spectrum.</p

Monthly variations in the abundance of <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes in oil palm-dominated landscapes in southeastern Côte d’Ivoire from January to December 2014.

<p>Error bars represent the standard error (SE).</p

Proportion (%) of each <i>Aedes</i>-positive microhabitat type among <i>Aedes</i>-positive microhabitats, macrohabitats, and study area in southeastern Côte d’Ivoire from January to December 2014.

<p>Proportion (%) of each <i>Aedes</i>-positive microhabitat type among <i>Aedes</i>-positive microhabitats, macrohabitats, and study area in southeastern Côte d’Ivoire from January to December 2014.</p

Synthesis of how agricultural land-use changes affect the dynamics of <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes in oil palm-planted areas in southeastern Côte d’Ivoire.

<p>f/p/d: female/person/day. Overall, there was a lack of <i>Aedes</i> microhabitats and species in the oil palm monoculture. In contrast, the highest abundance of <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes was found in the polyculture. The rural housing area also hosted substantial numbers of <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes. Conversely, the highest <i>Aedes</i> species richness was observed in the rainforest where the preference of <i>Aedes</i> females to feed on humans was very little. As a result, the polyculture and the rural areas increased <i>Aedes</i> vectors’ biting rates by 34.6 and 7.2 times compared with the original rainforest, respectively.</p

<i>Aedes</i> mosquito positivity patterns among the macrohabitats, and the study area in southeastern Côte d’Ivoire from January to December 2014.

<p><i>Aedes</i> mosquito positivity patterns among the macrohabitats, and the study area in southeastern Côte d’Ivoire from January to December 2014.</p

Species composition of emerged adult mosquitoes collected as larvae in the rural, suburban and urban areas in arbovirus-endemic areas in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire from January 2013 to October 2014.

<p>Species composition of emerged adult mosquitoes collected as larvae in the rural, suburban and urban areas in arbovirus-endemic areas in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire from January 2013 to October 2014.</p

<i>Aedes</i> mosquito species occurrence among the macrohabitats in oil in oil palm-dominated landscapes in southeastern Côte d’Ivoire from January to December 2014.

<p>Error bars represent the standard error (SE). Letters indicate the results of the GLMM. Groups that do not share the same letter for the same sampling method are significantly different.</p

Dynamics of <i>Aedes</i> mosquito breeding sites in rural, suburban, and urban areas in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire from January 2013 to October 2014.

<p>Error bars show the standard error (SE).</p