Small-scale effects on global seismic waves

Earth structure is multi-scale, yet capturing such a broad range of complex heterogeneities with seismic wave propagation is computationally prohibitive. In this thesis we present an Instaseis-based (van Driel et al., 2015) framework for injection type hybrid methods that addresses this challenge and provides 5,000-100,000 speed-up relative to full 3-D global solvers without compromising on the full physics. The modified Instaseis interface allows to couple the global wave-propagation solver, AxiSEM (Nissen-Meyer et al., 2014), with an arbitrary local 3-D solver of choice, and thus embed any heterogeneous 3-D domain within a spherically symmetric Earth model. The global 1-D medium accounts for source and paths effects, while the local 3-D domain optimally honours complexities in the model to resolve local scattering effects where necessary. The method can reach the highest frequencies observed teleseismically (1-4 Hz) and opens global wave propagation to a new parameter space. The Instaseis-based method is applied to study the 1960s-1980s nuclear explosions from the USSR test site in the Degelen mountains. Observed waveforms up to 2 Hz bear a strong signature of near-source effects, yet the relative importance of contributing factors – such as explosion depth and yield, scattering off topography and geological heterogeneities, as well as non-linear effects – is not well understood. An analysis of the dataset suggests that waveform features are dependent on the source location in the Degelen mountain range, though simple measures do not indicate a straightforward relationship with topography. We therefore turn to deterministic hybrid modelling to evaluate waveform variations stemming from topographic interactions in the vicinity of the source. Amplitudes are in good agreement and many observed features are reproduced by synthetic seismograms at 2 Hz, showing that topography significantly contributes to waveform complexity at teleseismic distances

Chromosomal localization and activity of nucleolar organizer regions in the dog (Canis familiaris)

International audienc

Poprawne tłumaczenia z błędami. O tłumaczeniu błędów językowych użytych jako zabieg literacki

The paper presents the results of the analysis of some theoretical and practical issues related to errors in translations, especially those used as a literary device. The first part shows two classifications of errors in translations, by Hejwowski and Nord. The author of the paper adds another, more general classification, that focuses on the difference between the errors introduced in texts by the authors or translators intentionally or unintentionally. The second part presents 10 types of errors used by Daniel Keyes in his novel Flowers for Algernon. The story is written as a diary of a mentally retarded man who makes a lot of mistakes: spelling, punctuation, grammatical, lexical, syntactic and stylistic. The types and the frequency of errors in the original are compared to the types and the frequency of errors in the French and Polish translation. It shows that in different language systems the translators could not or decided not to copy the model of the hero’s faulty writing. Only one type of errors is impossible to introduce in the Polish version, i.e., the omission of the apostrophe. All the remaining errors are present in both versions but their frequency may be different. The French translation intensifies spelling mistakes, uses fewer lexical errors and its grammatical errors are due to the spelling of unpronounced flexions. The Polish text contains more lexical, grammatical, especially fexional, and syntactic errors. It also introduces one type of error, inexistent in the original, which is typical of the Polish language system, namely, the transcription of denasalisation and devoicing. The translators had to adapt the types of errors and their frequency to create a model of faulty writing that would be seen as natural by the French and Polish readers.Artykuł przypomina kilka powszechnie znanych typologii błędów zaobserwowanych w tekstach tłumaczeń i przedstawia stworzoną przez autorkę klasyfikację błędów uwzględniającą aspekt świadomego i nieświadomego wprowadzenia błędu do tekstu oryginału i tłumaczenia. Ponadto zaprezentowano w nim wyniki analizy błędów językowych zastosowanych jako zabieg literacki w powieści Daniela Keyesa Kwiaty dla Algernona oraz w jej tłumaczeniu na język francuski i polski. Porównano typy błędów wprowadzonych w trzech tekstach i częstotliwość ich użycia w zależności od specyfiki każdego z języków

Willingness to redistribute: the case of Poland

The primary motives for redistribution were related to the desire to fight poverty and to help the poorest. Later on, other motives emerged, such as the desire to gain social support and the self-interest of rich people who agree to transfer part of their funds provided this increases their utility. The aim of the study is to present the determinants of willingness to redistribute in a group of Polish students. The case study focuses on sharing behaviour in this group. The survey was conducted among 399 students representing four higher education institutions in Poland. The research, based on a solidarity game, has shown that willingness to share with others depended on gender, the profile of studies and the city of studies

Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into cells with spermatogonia-like morphology with chemical intervention-dependent increased gene expression of LIM homeobox 1 (Lhx1).

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) originate from gonocytes that differentiate from primordial germ cells (PGCs). In the developing mouse testis, expression of the gene LIM homeobox 1 (Lhx1) marks the most undifferentiated SSCs, which has not yet been reported for spermatogonia-like cells generated in vitro. Previously, it was shown that a chemical intervention in male mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells in serum culture, including Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inhibitor Ex-527, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor RG-108 and electrophilic redox cycling compound tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), was associated with molecular markers of PGC to gonocyte differentiation. Here, we report the in vitro differentiation of male mouse ES cells, cultured under dual chemical inhibition of GSK3β and MEK (2i) with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) (2iL) and serum, into cells with spermatogonia-like morphology (CSMs) and population-averaged expression of spermatogonia-specific genes by removal of 2iL and a specific schedule of twice daily partial medium replacement. Combination of this new protocol with the previously reported chemical intervention increased population-averaged gene expression of Lhx1 in the resulting CSMs. Furthermore, we detected single CSMs with strong nuclear LHX1/5 protein signal only in the chemical intervention group. We propose that further investigation of CSMs may provide new insights into male germline development

Pancreatic remnant fate

There is eternal discussion on the best surgical method of pancreatoduodenectomy and reconstruction method. Several different methods of pancreatic stump anastomosis exist. The most popular argument taken into account in the discussion is the frequency of early postoperative complications. Relatively fewer papers analyse the late functional outcome of pancreatic surgery and the method of anastomosis employed. Authors presented short series of 12 patients after pancreatic surgery with analysis of pancreatic remnant morphology and function. Pancreatic remnant volume, pancreatic duct distension and stool elastase-1 test were analysed. There was no correlation of pancreatic exo- or endocrine insufficiency with the volume of pancreatic remnant or the kind of surgery or anastomosis performed

Repair or perish – the role of p53 protein in a cell’s life

The p53 protein is one of the most important suppressors of neoplastic transformation. It regulates transcription of mul­tiple genes and interacts directly with other proteins. It plays a significant role in the most important processes that take place in the cell, including: DNA repair, cell cycle and programmed cell death – apoptosis. Loss of its proper function leads to a disturbance of the mechanisms controlling cell proliferation and survival, which contributes to the development of neoplasms. The TP53 gene is called the guardian of the genome. Its mutations occur in a large percentage of tumors. They most often concern sequences that encode the DNA-binding domain (exons 5–8). The TP53 gene, together with the TP63 and TP73 genes, belongs to the oldest evolutionary family of cancer transformation suppressors. Its product, a full length p53 protein, consists of five domains and a flexible consolidator region and functions as a homotetramer. The regulation of p53 activity is caused by MDM2 protein, which contributes to proteasomal degradation of the suppressor. This review deals with the most important aspects of the regulation of cell activity by p53 protein. It describes the structure of p53 protein and the associated therapeutic possibilities

Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into cells with spermatogonia-like morphology with chemical intervention-dependent increased gene expression of LIM homeobox 1 (Lhx1)

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) originate from gonocytes that differentiate from primordial germ cells (PGCs). In the developing mouse testis, expression of the gene LIM homeobox 1 (Lhx1) marks the most undifferentiated SSCs, which has not yet been reported for spermatogonia-like cells generated in vitro. Previously, it was shown that a chemical intervention in male mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells in serum culture, including Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inhibitor Ex-527, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor RG-108 and electrophilic redox cycling compound tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), was associated with molecular markers of PGC to gonocyte differentiation. Here, we report the in vitro differentiation of male mouse ES cells, cultured under dual chemical inhibition of GSK3β and MEK (2i) with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) (2iL) and serum, into cells with spermatogonia-like morphology (CSMs) and population-averaged expression of spermatogonia-specific genes by removal of 2iL and a specific schedule of twice daily partial medium replacement. Combination of this new protocol with the previously reported chemical intervention increased population-averaged gene expression of Lhx1 in the resulting CSMs. Furthermore, we detected single CSMs with strong nuclear LHX1/5 protein signal only in the chemical intervention group. We propose that further investigation of CSMs may provide new insights into male germline development