Chemische Zusammensetzung und sensorisches Profil von UFA/CLA angereicherter Butter im Vergleich zu konventioneller Butter

In the last years, there has been a growing demand by consumers for foods combining an increased nutritional value and benefits on human health. Butter enriched in unsaturated fatty acids/conjugated linoleic acids (UFA/CLA) could become a food with added value for its increased content in essential fatty acids, in vitamins and CLA, which has been reported to show potential anticarcinogenic and cholesterol lowering effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the chemical composition and the sensory and odour profiles of UFA/CLA enriched butter in comparison to conventional butter. Their fatty acid composition, vitamin and metal ion contents were determined in both kinds of butter. Descriptive sensory analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled to olfactometry (GC/MS/O) were applied to UFA/CLA enriched and conventional butter. The UFA/CLA enriched butter contained significantly higher CLA than conventional butter. α-Tocopherol and iron contents were also significantly higher in UFA/CLA enriched butter. The sensory profile of the UFA/CLA enriched butter showed a less intense creamy odour and cooked milk aroma than conventional butter. UFA/CLA enriched butter revealed a better spreadability. The olfactometric results of the fresh butter samples indicated that the enriched butter had more intense green, sulphury and fruity notes, due to (Z)-3-hexenol, dimethyl disulphide, 2-phenylethyl acetate and δ-decalactone, respectively, compared to conventional butter

Assessment of processing technologies which may improve the nutritional composition of dairy products – Overview of progress

Among consumers there is a growing demand for food products with a natural nutritional-physiological advantage over comparable conventional products. As part of an EU funded project, ALP is examining the possible impact of processing on nutritionally valuable milk components, using the example of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). The extent to which processing influences the CLA content of the end product was determined by literature research and own investigations of organic and conventional butter. Furthermore, new chemical, sensory-based and bio crystallization methods were evaluated by ALP and the University of Kassel to determine the oxidation stability of butter. In a further step the storage stability of CLA enriched and conventional butter was examined and the different methods will be compared. As a third objective a process for low-input CLA enrichment of milk fat (with a focus on alpine butter) has been developed. Since the process selected for the work is a physical enrichment process, it is accepted by international organic farming and food groups. Among the many benefits ascribed to CLA, it is believed to be an effective agent against cancer. The demand for foods with properties that promote human health is growing. The dairy industry has the opportunity to meet this demand by developing new dairy products with a nutritional-physiological function for the functional food market

Hidden Sylvatic Foci of the Main Vector of Chagas Disease Triatoma infestans: Threats to the Vector Elimination Campaign?

Triatoma infestans, a highly domesticated species and historically the main vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, is the target of an insecticide-based elimination program in the southern cone countries of South America since 1991. Only limited success has been achieved in the Gran Chaco region due to repeated reinfestations. We conducted full-coverage spraying of pyrethroid insecticides of all houses in a well-defined rural area in northwestern Argentina, followed by intense monitoring of house reinfestation and searches for triatomine bugs in sylvatic habitats during the next two years, to establish the putative sources of new bug colonies. We found low-density sylvatic foci of T. infestans in trees located within the species' flight range from the nearest infested house detected before control interventions. Using multiple methods (fine-resolution satellite imagery, geographic information systems, spatial statistics, genetic markers and wing geometric morphometry), we corroborated the species identity of the sylvatic bugs as T. infestans and found they were indistinguishable from or closely related to local domestic or peridomestic bug populations. Two sylvatic foci were spatially associated to the nearest peridomestic bug populations found before interventions. Sylvatic habitats harbor hidden foci of T. infestans that may represent a threat to vector suppression attempts

Determination of storage stability of butter enriched with unsaturated fatty acids/conjugated linoleic acids (UFA/CLA) using instrumental and sensory methods

The oxidative stability of butter enriched with unsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids (UFA/CLA butter) was evaluated by chemical, sensory and microbiological analyses during 8 weeks of storage at 6 °C and compared with that of conventional butter. The odour-active compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry combined with olfactometry, using solid phase microextraction. Olfactometric analysis showed that both, fresh UFA/CLA butter and fresh conventional butter had similar aroma profiles. After 6–8 weeks of storage, UFA/CLA butter showed stronger fatty (butanoic and 3-methyl butanoic acid), metallic [(E,E)-2,4-nonadienal], green [(E)-2-hexenol] and creamy (2-pentanone) notes compared with the conventional samples. A sensory panel described the two fresh butter types as having a similar sensory profile, except for a stronger creamy aroma, a less intense cooked milk aroma and a significantly higher spreadability of the UFA/CLA butters. Sensory descriptive analysis showed also that both butter types aged in a very similar way, with an increase in rancid and oxidized notes. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Molecular population genetics and phylogeography of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans in South America

Knowledge of the genetic variability, population structure, and evolutionary history of Triatoma infestans may be useful for developing rational vector control strategies. A 661-bp fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) was sequenced and analyzed in bugs from Argentina, Uruguay, Peru, and Bolivia, including peridomestic, domestic, Andean, and Chaco sylvatic bugs. A total of 48 polymorphic sites among 37 haplotypes were described. Nucleotide variation fluctuated among samples, with the highest nucleotide diversity observed in seven Argentinean provinces. Within this group, some populations showed patterns of variability compatible with population expansions and/or fine-scale population structure, whereas others suggested population bottlenecks and/or population admixture processes. A maximum parsimony analysis of the haplotypes showed the presence of a Bolivian/Peruvian and an Argentinean/Uruguayan clade. Bolivian sequences were further divided in Chaco sylvatic and Andean domestic and sylvatic. Two different nested clades were found within the Argentinean/Uruguayan cluster. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and K-S(T)* analysis supported a strong population structure in Argentina, where genetic differentiation was correlated with geographic distance. Departures from neutrality expectations and a nested cladistic analysis suggest a recent population expansion of T. infestans in Argentina, followed by restricted gene flow and patterns of isolation by distance. This expansion could have taken place as a two-wave process, as was shown by the phylogenetic analysis and signatures of population admixture in the southernmost Argentinean populations

Large-Scale System Monitoring Experiences and Recommendations Workshop paper: HPCMASPA 2018

Monitoring of High Performance Computing (HPC) platforms is critical to successful operations, can provide insights into performance-impacting conditions, and can inform methodologies for improving science throughput. However, monitoring systems are not generally considered core capabilities in system requirements specifications nor in vendor development strategies. In this paper we present work performed at a number of large-scale HPC sites towards developing monitoring capabilities that fill current gaps in ease of problem identification and root cause discovery. We also present our collective views, based on the experiences presented, on needs and requirements for enabling development by vendors or users of effective sharable end-to-end monitoring capabilities

Characterization of the shsp genes in Drosophila buzzatii and association between the frequency of Valine mutations in hsp23 and climatic variables along a longitudinal gradient in Australia

The small heat shock gene (shsp) cluster of Drosophila buzzatii was sequenced and the gene order and DNA sequence were compared with those of the shsps in Drosophila melanogaster. The D. buzzatii shsp cluster contains an inversion and a duplication of hsp26. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on hsp26 genes from several Drosophila species of the Sophophora and Drosophila subgenera. The tree shows first a separation of the Sophophora and the Drosophila subgenera and then the Drosophila subgenus is divided into the Hawaiian Drosophila and the repleta/virilis groups. Only the latter contain a duplicated hsp26. Comparing the gene organisation of the shsp cluster shows that all the Drosophila subgenus species contain the inversion. Putative heat shock elements (HSE) were found in the promoters of all the shsp and putative regulator elements for tissue specific expression were found in the promoter of hsp23, hsp27 and one of the hsp26 genes. hsp23 was found to be polymorphic for four non-synonymous changes that all lead to exchange of a Valine. The duplicated hsp26 gene in D. buzzatii (phsp26) was polymorphic for two non-synonymous changes. The allele frequencies of these variants were determined in nine D. buzzatii populations covering most of its distribution in Australia using high-resolution melting curves. The allele frequencies of one of the hsp23 variants showed a significant linear regression with longitude and the pooled frequency of the four Valine changes of hsp23 in the nine populations showed a significant linear regression with longitude and with a composite measure of climatic variables