8 research outputs found

    Application of anaesthetics in fish hatcheries to promote broodstock and fish seed welfare in Zambia

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    AbstractThis study investigated the application of anaesthetics in 23 private and government-owned hatcheries in 10 provinces of Zambia. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative research designs and used a structured questionnaire to collect data from the respondents. The results showed that most hatcheries (65%) were not using anaesthetics in handling fish and all (100%) that were using anaesthetics (35%) used clove powder as the only type. Most respondents (61%) were not sure or did not have information about the availability of the anaesthetic substances in their localities while only 26% reported wider availability but 13% had a divergent claim. The mortality rate for fingerlings in hatcheries that applied anaesthetics ranged between 15–30% with consistently high demand while those that did not use anaesthetics reported mortality rates of more than 50% and had low demand. The majority of the respondents (53%) had received training up to certificate level, followed by those who had attained up to a diploma qualification (27%) while those that attained up to a degree (13%) and general skills (7%) levels were in the minority. Furthermore, most respondents (35%) did not know the importance of fish anaesthetics. We conclude that the use of fish anaesthetics in Zambian hatcheries is very low and could partly be the cause of high fingerling mortalities, and there is an urgent need to address the situation

    Survival of children with invasive <i>Salmonella</i> disease.

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    <p>Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival (in days) following admission with invasive <i>Salmonella</i> disease in children aged 0–6 months and >6 months (A), children with and without HIV co-infection (B), and children with and without a history of dyspnea at presentation (C).</p

    Clinical presentation and comorbidities of invasive <i>Salmonella</i> disease and mortality in Malawian children.

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    <p>(A) Area-proportionate Venn diagram indicating the different presenting clinical syndromes of pediatric invasive <i>Salmonella</i> disease. Gastroenteritis is defined as children with a history of diarrhea or vomiting, and a respiratory presentation as the presence of cough, shortness of breath or respiratory distress. (B) Area-proportionate Venn diagram indicating comorbidities (HIV, malaria and severe malnutrition) of children presenting with invasive <i>Salmonella</i> disease. Figures are absolute numbers (percentages in brackets) of children in each group, with mortality in each group given below and are shown for individual variables and for children in whom these overlapped. Discrepancies between totals in the figures and the text are due to children with missing data for one of the categories depicted.</p

    Variability in outcome, co-morbidity and clinical presentation of invasive <i>Salmonella</i> disease in Malawian children with age and season of presentation.

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    <p>Graphs indicate variation in mortality (A and B), co-morbidity (C and D) and clinical presentation (E and F) with age and month of the year. Each plot is overlaid on a histogram of the frequency of iNTS disease presentation with age (A, C and E) or bar-charts indicating monthly frequency of iNTS disease and monthly rainfall (B, D and F).</p

    Malawian children admitted to hospital with invasive <i>Salmonella</i> disease, recruitment and outcomes.

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    <p>(A) Blood and CSF cultures taken from children admitted to Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi in 2006; those yielding <i>Salmonella</i> isolates; and outcomes of children with invasive <i>Salmonella</i> disease. (B) Recruitment pathway for children following detection of Gram-negative bacteria in blood and/or CSF culture. (C) Kaplan-Meier estimate of survival (in days) of children following admission with invasive <i>Salmonella</i> disease.</p
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