To Save Our Soles

Americans in 1943 are doing a number of things that we never did before and, in all probability, will never do again. The world is changing rapidly, adjusting itself to the necessities of a nation at war. We are beginning to feel, for the first time, the insidious fingers of the international conflict. There is a seriousness now behind the American smile, a strength, a realization of what this war means

Factors influencing use of consumer credit by selected Anderson County, Tennessee Home Demonstration Club members and nonmembers

The purpose of this study was to secure information which would be helpful in planning Extension educational programs on consumer credit for Anderson County Home Demonstration Club members and nonmembers. Home demonstration club members and nonmembers were compared for the purpose of (1) characterizing them; (2) determining which recommended consumer credit practices they were using; and (3) identifying some of the factors that influenced them to adopt or reject the practices. The population included 471 Anderson County, Tennessee Home Demon-stration Club members and their friends who were nonmembers. Data were secured from 30 Anderson County Home Demonstration Club Council members who were present at their regularly scheduled quarterly meeting and 30 of their nonmember friends. Each member participating in the survey listed the name and address of a friend who does not belong to a Home Demonstra-tion Club. Comparisons were made between Home Demonstration Cliab members and nonmembers in an effort to identify group differences. Findings re-lated to the total group interviewed also were studied. Major findings of the study were: 1. The majority of all interviewees (88 percent) were homeowners. A larger percent of the HDC members (97 percent) than the nonmembers (80 percent) owned their homes. 2. Twenty-eight percent of all interviewees worked outside the home including one-half of the nonmembers (50 percent) and 6 percent of the HDC members. 3. Approximately two-thirds of all interviewees (70 percent) owned credit cards. A slightly larger percentage of HDC mem-bers (73 percent) than the nonmembers (67 percent) owned credit cards. Most respondents who owned credit cards had only one (28 percent) and those with two (18 percent) ranked second. 4. Sixty-three percent of the total interviewees had used credit in the past 60 months; while 75 percent of all respondents had used credit in the past 12 months. 5. Three-fourths of all the interviewees (75 percent) had secured a loan from an agency or individual. Fewer of the respondents (57 percent) had secured a loan from an agency or individual in the past 60 months. 6. Most of the interviewees (87 percent) indicated that their family was not overusing credit; however, most of the respon-dents (83 percent) considered overuse of credit to be a pr- blem among families in Anderson County. 7. The average diffusion ratings of the HDC members exceeded those of the nonmembers on all of the 17 recommended consumer credit practices. 8. University bulletins (48 percent), commercial bulletins (42 percent), and magazines (42 percent) were the major sources used by all respondents to secure information on consumer credit. 9. Almost one-half of all interviewees (48 percent) were not seeking advice from anyone concerning the wise use of credit. When respondents did seek advice about credit, it was most frequently from a friend or neighbor (28 percent). 10. Three-fourths of all interviewees (75 percent) felt that most families in Anderson County were not informed on the wise use of credit. 11. The majority of all interviewees (70 percent) were interested in attending one or more meetings on consumer credit. Implications and recommendations also were made

Effective Strategies For Engaging Adult Learners

Innovative methods in teaching should be used in every college classroom to enhance student engagement, support any teaching environment and encourage inquiry among learners. Adults learn best by participation in relevant experiences and utilization of practical information. When adult students are active in their learning they are able to develop critical thinking skills, receive social support systems for the learning, and gain knowledge in an efficient way. The authors highlight several exemplary strategies for adult learners including, Think-Pair-Share, Tell -Help-Check, Give One, Get One, and the Immediate Feedback Assessment Test

Deducing signaling pathways from parallel actions of arsenite and antimonite in human epidermal keratinocytes.

Inorganic arsenic oxides have been identified as carcinogens in several human tissues, including epidermis. Due to the chemical similarity between trivalent inorganic arsenic (arsenite) and antimony (antimonite), we hypothesized that common intracellular targets lead to similarities in cellular responses. Indeed, transcriptional and proteomic profiling revealed remarkable similarities in differentially expressed genes and proteins resulting from exposure of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes to arsenite and antimonite in contrast to comparisons of arsenite with other metal compounds. These data were analyzed to predict upstream regulators and affected signaling pathways following arsenite and antimonite treatments. A majority of the top findings in each category were identical after treatment with either compound. Inspection of the predicted upstream regulators led to previously unsuspected roles for oncostatin M, corticosteroids and ephrins in mediating cellular response. The influence of these predicted mediators was then experimentally verified. Together with predictions of transcription factor effects more generally, the analysis has led to model signaling networks largely accounting for arsenite and antimonite action. The striking parallels between responses to arsenite and antimonite indicate the skin carcinogenic risk of exposure to antimonite merits close scrutiny

Elevated CO2 and O3 Effects on Fine-Root Life Span in Ponderosa Pine

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) concentrations are rising, which may have opposing effects on tree C balance and allocation to fine roots. More information is needed on interactive CO2 and O3 effects on roots, particularly fine-root life span, a critical demographic parameter and determinant of soil C and N pools and cycling rates. We conducted a study in which ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings were exposed to two levels of CO2 and O3 in sun-lit controlled-environment terracosms for three years. Minirhizotrons were used to monitor individual fine roots in three soil horizons every 28 days. Proportional hazards regression was used to analyze effects of CO2, O3, diameter, depth, and season of root initiation on fine-root survivorship. More fine roots were produced in the elevated CO2 treatment than in ambient CO2. Median life spans varied from 140-448 days depending on the season of root initiation. Elevated CO2, increasing root diameter, and increasing root depth all significantly increased fine-root survivorship and median life span. Life span was slightly, but not significantly, lower in elevated O3, and increased O3 did not reduce the effect of elevated CO2. These results indicate the potential for elevated CO2 to increase the number of fine roots and their residence time in the soil, which is also affected by root diameter, root depth, and phenology

Redistribution of Transcription Factor AP-2α in Differentiating Cultured Human Epidermal Cells

Expression of the transcription factor AP-2α was examined in cultured human epidermal cells. Levels of AP-2α mRNA increased substantially after the cultures reached confluence, similar to the expression pattern of the differentiation markers involucrin and keratinocyte transglutaminase. The level of AP-2α protein in nuclear extracts declined markedly after confluence, however, along with its ability to form complexes with oligonucleotides containing the AP-2 response element. In contrast, the levels of AP-2α protein in cytoplasmic extracts increased dramatically after confluence, but these extracts had low DNA binding activity. Supershift experiments with specific antisera detected only AP-2α and not the β or γ isoforms. Examination of its localization by confocal microscopy revealed that AP-2α was primarily in the nucleus of basal cells and largely cytoplasmic in the most superficial cells. Localization was a dynamic phenomenon in that changing the medium resulted in accumulation of this transcription factor in the nucleus after several hours. Overall, the data indicate that AP-2α transcriptional activity is regulated in a differentiation-dependent manner in cultured keratinocytes and that this occurs by relocalization of the protein. Nuclear localization of the AP-2α protein in basal cells permits its accessibility to response elements in gene promoters, whereas sequestration in the cytoplasm as the differentiation program progresses curtails its transcriptional activity. This regulatory scheme may provide keratinocytes with the ability to restore AP-2 transcriptional activity rapidly by redistribution to the nucleus after receiving an appropriate growth signal, such as a medium change

Redistribution of Transcription Factor AP-2α in Differentiating Cultured Human Epidermal Cells

Expression of the transcription factor AP-2α was examined in cultured human epidermal cells. Levels of AP-2α mRNA increased substantially after the cultures reached confluence, similar to the expression pattern of the differentiation markers involucrin and keratinocyte transglutaminase. The level of AP-2α protein in nuclear extracts declined markedly after confluence, however, along with its ability to form complexes with oligonucleotides containing the AP-2 response element. In contrast, the levels of AP-2α protein in cytoplasmic extracts increased dramatically after confluence, but these extracts had low DNA binding activity. Supershift experiments with specific antisera detected only AP-2α and not the β or γ isoforms. Examination of its localization by confocal microscopy revealed that AP-2α was primarily in the nucleus of basal cells and largely cytoplasmic in the most superficial cells. Localization was a dynamic phenomenon in that changing the medium resulted in accumulation of this transcription factor in the nucleus after several hours. Overall, the data indicate that AP-2α transcriptional activity is regulated in a differentiation-dependent manner in cultured keratinocytes and that this occurs by relocalization of the protein. Nuclear localization of the AP-2α protein in basal cells permits its accessibility to response elements in gene promoters, whereas sequestration in the cytoplasm as the differentiation program progresses curtails its transcriptional activity. This regulatory scheme may provide keratinocytes with the ability to restore AP-2 transcriptional activity rapidly by redistribution to the nucleus after receiving an appropriate growth signal, such as a medium change

Publishing Makerspace: A New Approach to Scholarly Publishing

This article describes the concept of the Publishing Makerspace, which is a publishing environment that is reconfigured as a place where all the components of a scholarly project—books and e‐books, virtual and physical exhibits, visualizations, live performance and film—can be integrated using a collaborative process. This place enables the creation of a multimodal publishing environment that fully integrates digital content with manuscripts and “traditional” scholarly content. Starting with an overview of the history of the team that devised this approach and its membership, the article describes the problem that the authors have identified with current approaches to multimodal publishing and outlines a workshop model for engaging in a reconfiguration of the publishing process, including a description of a new publishing and knowledge making ecosystem that includes librarians, publishers, and other collaborators

The Iowa Homemaker vol.25, no.8

Poem, Lorraine Midlang, page 2 Letter to the Readers, New Talent Staff, page 3 Keeping Up With Today, New Talent Staff, page 4 Coeducational China, Marjorie Clampitt, page 5 Vacations Will Pay, Kay Williams, Sheron Hieronymus, page 6 Iowa State Students Prepare for Life, Breta Gath Soldat, page 8 Home Economics Builds for the Future, Mary Johnston, page 9 She Served in Navy Blue, Joyce Edgar, page 10 Trade Rollbooks for Hobbies, Mary Ellen Watt, page 11 What’s New in Home Economics, New Talent Staff, page 12 Welch Hall Weaves its History, June Welch, page 14 Coeds Share Treats From Home, Janet Ogilvie, page 15 Recommend Variety in Electives, Maryann Jones, page 16 Springtime Vicky Vamps and Revamps, Darlene Philip, page 18 Foresees Spring Fashion, Barbara Phillips, page 18 Alums in the News, Joyce Mongerson, page 19 Loan Funds Commemorative Friends of Students, Barbara Artus, page 21 Coeds Turn Camera Fans, Natalie Benda, page 22 Committee Achieves Needed Revisions, Goldie Rouse, page 23 Raccoon Meat is Delicious, Elizabeth Adams, page 2

PATH-38. ROSETTE-FORMING GLIONEURONAL TUMOR IS DEFINED BY FGFR1 ACTIVATING ALTERATIONS WITH FREQUENT ACCOMPANYING PI3K AND MAPK PATHWAY MUTATIONS

Abstract BACKGROUND Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor (RGNT) is an uncommon CNS tumor originally described in the fourth ventricle characterized by a low-grade glial neoplasm admixed with a rosette-forming neurocytic component. METHODS We reviewed clinicopathologic features of 42 patients with RGNT. Targeted next-generation sequencing was performed, and genome-wide methylation profiling is underway. RESULTS The 20 male and 22 female patients had a mean age of 25 years (range 3–47) at time of diagnosis. Tumors were located within or adjacent to the lateral ventricle (n=16), fourth ventricle (15), third ventricle (9), and spinal cord (2). All 31 tumors assessed to date contained FGFR1 activating alterations, either in-frame gene fusion, kinase domain tandem duplication, or hotspot missense mutation in the kinase domain (p.N546 or p.K656). While 7 of these 31 tumors harbored FGFR1 alterations as the solitary pathogenic event, 24 contained additional pathogenic alterations within PI3-kinase or MAP kinase pathway genes: 5 with additional PIK3CA and NF1 mutations, 4 with PIK3CA mutation, 3 with PIK3R1 mutation (one of which also contained focal RAF1 amplification), 5 with PTPN11 mutation (one with additional PIK3R1 mutation), and 2 with NF1 deletion. The other 5 cases demonstrated anaplastic features including hypercellularity and increased mitotic activity. Among these anaplastic cases, 3 harbored inactivating ATRX mutations and two harbored CDKN2A homozygous deletion, in addition to the FGFR1 alterations plus other PI3-kinase and MAP kinase gene mutations seen in those RGNT without anaplasia. CONCLUSION Independent of ventricular location, RGNT is defined by FGFR1 activating mutations or rearrangements, which are frequently accompanied by mutations involving PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PTPN11, NF1, and KRAS. Whereas pilocytic astrocytoma and ganglioglioma are characterized by solitary activating MAP kinase pathway alterations (e.g. BRAF fusion or mutation), RGNT are genetically more complex with dual PI3K-Akt-mTOR and Ras-Raf-MAPK pathway activation. Rare anaplastic examples may show additional ATRX and/or CDKN2A inactivation