Estimated parameters for rupture of ICAM-1/anti-ICAM-1 bonds subjected to force.

<p>The numerical values of parameters used to build simulated survival curves of attachments formed by microspheres and Fc(ICAM-1)₂ - coated surfaces are shown as derived by extrapolating results displayed on <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0044070#pone-0044070-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6</a>.</p

Lifetime of nonspecific arrests.

<p>The figure shows the survival curves of binding events recorded between ICAM-1-coated surfaces and microspheres coated with irrelevant antibodies. Squares: wall shear rate 9.3 s⁻¹, microsphere velocity 11.25 µm/s, 213 binding events recorded. Crosses: wall shear rate 18.5 s⁻¹, microsphere velocity: 22.5 µm/s, 717 binding events recorded. Circles: wall shear rate 29.4 s⁻¹, microsphere velocity: 35.7 µm/s, 526 binding events recorded. Vertical bar length is twice the standard error.</p

Force dependence of off-rate and bond strengthening parameter.

<p>The dependence of bond initial dissociation rate (Fig. 6A) and strengthening rate (Fig. 6B) on applied forces are shown. Open triangles represent data obtained with the flow chamber and Filled triangles represent data obtained with Qdots in absence of flow. Since time scales were markedly different, only results obtained with the flow chamber were used to estimate the rupture behavior of bonds formed with Fc(ICAM-1)₂ in the flow chamber, with either force sharing or non sharing assumption. Estimated values are shown on <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0044070#pone-0044070-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Force free survival of attachments between microspheres and ICAM-1-coated surfaces.

<p>Anti-ICAM-1-coated Qdots were incubated with surfaces coated with monovalent (diamonds) or divalent (triangles) ICAM-1 and spontaneous detachment was determined by counting bound Qdots on a microscope area of 1 µm². Each point represents about 800–1000 particles. Green line: fit of monovalent binding with constants k(0,0) = 0.167 mn⁻¹ and a(0) = 0.252 mn⁻¹ (Eq. 2). Red line: calculated survival curve for dimers, two bonds at time zero, k_on = 0, MSD = 0.0105. Blue line: calculated survival for dimers, one bond at time zero, k_on = 0, MSD = 0.025. Yellow line: calculated survival curve for dimers, one bond at time zero, k_on = 1.4 mn⁻¹, MSD = 0.0052.</p

Experimental model.

<p><b>Fig. 1A</b>: Microspheres (1) were coated with two immunoglobulin layers made of an anti-immunoglobulin (red) and an anti-ICAM-1 (blue) forming a sequence of four segments of 8 nm length connected by flexible hinges. The surface of flow chambers was coated with polylysine, then an anti-poly-histidine IgG (green) and either a single ICAM-1 moiety terminated with a short poly-histidine (yellow:2) or a Fc(ICAM-1)₂ fragment (green+yellow: 3). Since the density of tagged ICAM-1 moieties was much lower than that of antibodies, there was a very low probability that an antibody might bind simultaneously two ICAM-1-bearing molecules. <b>Fig. 1B</b>: sedimented microspheres of radius a = 2,250 nm were measured to flow with an average distance of about 25 nm to the surface, as a result of brownian motion and short range interactions <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0044070#pone.0044070-Kinoshita1" target="_blank">[45]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0044070#pone.0044070-Pierres3" target="_blank">[50]</a>, resulting in a translational velocity (in µm/s) of about 1.215 times the wall shear rate G (in s⁻¹). When a molecular bond was formed between the sphere and the surface (right) the force exerted by the flow was dependent on the bond length and was estimated (in piconewton) at about 0.×G <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0044070#pone.0044070-Pierres1" target="_blank">[14]</a>.</p

Lifetime of binding events recorded on surfaces coated with divalent ICAM-1.

<p>The figure shows the survival curves of binding events recorded between surfaces coated with low densities of Fc(ICAM-1)₂ molecules and microspheres coated with anti-ICAM-1 antibodies. <b>Fig. 4A</b>: all survival curves corrected for non specific arrests. Squares: wall shear rate 10.3 s⁻¹, microsphere velocity 12.5 µm/s, 122 binding events recorded. Force on bond is 8.80 pN. Triangles: wall shear rate 18.5 s⁻¹, microsphere velocity 22.5 µm/s, 1009 binding events recorded. Force on bond is 15.84 pN. Circles: wall shear rate 30.9 s⁻¹, microsphere velocity 37.5 µm/s, 1939 binding events recorded. Force on bonds is 26.40 pN. <b>Fig. 4B.</b> Squares: experimental data, lowest wall shear rate: 10.3 s⁻¹. Theoretical curves are shown for the following conditions: two bonds at time zero, k_r = 0, force not shared (red) or shared (green) between bonds. One bond at time zero, k_r = 0, (blue), one bond at time zero, k_r = 0.3 s⁻¹, force not shared (cyan) or shared (purple) between bonds. <b>Fig. 4.C</b>. Triangles: experimental data, intermediate wall shear rate 18.5 s⁻¹. Theoretical curves are shown for the following conditons: Two bonds at time zero, k_r = 0, force not shared (red) or shared (green) between bonds. One bond at time zero, k_r = 0 (blue),. one bond at time zero, k_r = 1.1 s⁻¹, force not shared (cyan) or shared (purple) between bonds. <b>Fig. 4D</b>. Circles: experimental data, highest shear rate 30.9 s⁻¹. Theoretical curves are shown for the following conditions: Two bonds at time zero, k_r = 0, force not shared (red) or shared (green) between bonds. One bond at time zero, k_r = 0 (blue), one bond at time zero, k_r = 12 s⁻¹, force not shared, (cyan) or k_r = 6s⁻¹, force shared (purple) between bonds. Vertical bar length is twice the standard error.</p

Lifetime of binding events recorded on surfaces coated with monovalent ICAM-1.

<p>The figure shows the survival curves of binding events recorded between surfaces coated with low densities of monovalent ICAM-1 and microspheres coated with anti-ICAM-1 antibodies. Red, squares: wall shear rate 9.3 s⁻¹, microsphere velocity 11.25 µm/s, 47 binding events recorded. Green, triangles: wall shear rate 18.5 s⁻¹, microsphere velocity 22.5 µm/s, 1,725 binding events recorded. Blue, circles: wall shear rate 29.4 s⁻¹, microsphere velocity 35.7 µm/s, 936 binding events recorded. <b>Fig. 3A</b>: the raw values were used. <b>Fig. 3B</b>: values were corrected to account for nonspecific events as explained. The curves represented the best fits of experimental curves with Eq. 2. Squares: Force on bond is 8.37 pN, k(F,0) = 0.441 s⁻¹, a(F) = 1.099 s⁻¹, red line: calculated fit, MSD = 3.7 10⁻³. Crosses: Force on bond is 16.75 pN, k(F,0) = 1.735 s⁻¹, green line: calculated fit, MSD = 0.99 10⁻³. Circles: Force on bond is 26.61 pN, k(F,0) = 4.603 s⁻¹, a(F) = 6.149 s⁻¹, MSD = 12.4 10⁻³. Vertical bar length is twice standard error.</p

Data_Sheet_3_Validation study of the apathy motivation index in French adults.PDF

ObjectiveApathy is present in many brain disorders, but it is also prevalent to varying degrees in healthy people. While many tools have been developed to assess levels of apathy in pathology, no standardized measure of apathy in healthy people exists.MethodTherefore, this study aimed to validate the French version of the Apathy Motivation Index (f-AMI). The results of 729 participants were analyzed using an exploratory factorial analysis.ResultsPreliminary analyses suggested that the three domains of apathy extracted in the original AMI scale—behavioral activation (BA), social motivation (SM), and emotional sensitivity (ES)—could be found also in the f-AMI. A further exploratory analysis showed that a higher number of factors could be extracted, particularly for women. Specifically, both social and emotional factors could be divided into two sub-factors: (1) social motivation toward strangers or toward an acquaintance and (2) self-directed emotional sensitivity directed toward others. Regarding construct validity, the scores of f-AMI were correlated with the French Dimensional Apathy Scale results. Concerning the divergent validity, emotional sensitivity in apathy is different from depression, anhedonia, and fatigue levels.ConclusionThese results suggest that the f-AMI can be used to assess levels of apathy in healthy adults.</p

Self-report questionnaires.

<p>Mean scores for the self-report questionnaires in the Virtual Reality (VR, blue) and the classical paper version (red) conditions. Rating scale: 0 to 10. *p < .05 in the ANOVA.</p

Summary of the study procedure.

<p>Summary of the study procedure.</p