Plot of input link length (lower jaw coronoid processus) versus output link length (maxilla).

<p>The size of the circles indicates the value of KT.</p

Egg measurements.

<p>Values are mean ± standard deviation.</p

Outline drawing with indication of landmark positions.

<p>(1) Anterior insertion of the dorsal fin (2) Insertions of the most caudal spiny fin ray of the dorsal fin (3) Posterior insertion of the dorsal fin (4) Posterior end of the lateral line (5) Posterior insertion of the anal fin (6) Anterior insertion of the anal fin (7) Insertion of the leading edge of the pelvic fin (8) Insertion of the trailing edge of the pectoral fin (9) Insertion of the leading edge of the pectoral fin (10) Posterior extremity of the operculum (11) Center of neurocranial lateral line foramen 5 (12) Dorsal intersection of subopercle and interopercle (13) Ventral intersection of subopercle and interopercle (14) Posterior extremity of the gape (15) Intersection between upper lip and body outline (16) Center of the eye (17) Retroarticular process (18) Intersection of the line connecting landmarks 14 and 16 and the eye outline (19) Intersection of the line connecting landmarks 11 and 16 and the eye outline.</p

Body shape variation along the first two principal axes.

<p>(A) Plot of PC1 versus PC2 (explaining 44% and 17% of the variation, respectively) with indication of species and sex (Legend: Hp-F = <i>Haplochromis piceatus</i> females; Hp-M = <i>Haplochromis piceatus</i> males; Hf-F = <i>Haplochromis fischeri</i> females; Hf-M = <i>Haplochromis fischeri</i> males; wild caught specimens are circled). The warped outline drawings represent (B) the positive extreme of PC1 and (C) the negative extreme of PC2 (black outlines) compared to the consensus configuration (gray outline).</p

Metric data on the jaw muscles and estimates of feeding performance.

<p><b>PCSA</b> = Physiological cross-sectional area; <b>MA</b> = mechanical advantage; <b>σ</b> = insertion angle; <b>KT</b> = kinematic transmission coefficient; <b>KE</b> = Kinematic efficiency of jaw opening; <b>ASC/HL</b> = ratio of the length of the ascending arm of the premaxilla and head length; <b>β</b> = angle between ascending and dentigerous arm of the premaxilla. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.</p><p>Values are mean ± standard deviation.</p

Frequency and percentage of RS3 alleles found in an unrelated set of bonobos (<i>Pan paniscus</i>) (N = 35) and chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>) (N = 35).

a<p> = DupB- allele.</p><p>Frequency and percentage of RS3 alleles found in an unrelated set of bonobos (<i>Pan paniscus</i>) (N = 35) and chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>) (N = 35).</p

Distribution of DupB genotype frequencies for chimpanzee subspecies.

<p>X-axis shows individuals homozygous for the deletion (DupB−/−), heterozygous for the deletion (DupB+/−) or homozygous for the presence of RS3 (DupB+/+). Different chimpanzee subspecies are indicated on the map in black (1) (<i>Pan troglodytes verus</i>), dark grey (2) (<i>Pan troglodytes troglodytes</i>) and white (3) (<i>Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii</i>). Hybrids are not shown on the map. (Map adapted from Prüfer et al 2012) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0113364#pone.0113364-Prufer1" target="_blank">[96]</a>.</p

Human, chimpanzee and bonobo oxytocin receptor gene sequences surrounding rs53576 (Chr 3; NC_000003.11).

<p>Schematic (A) shows the position of the sequence in the third intron of the human <i>OXTR</i> (GRCh37.p13 gi|224589815). Inter-and intraspecific variation is shown in (B). Bold letters indicate single nucleotide polymorphisms indicated following IUPAC nucleotide codes. Underscores indicate positions of interspecific variation. (Human variation was identified using Ensembl dbSNP database.).</p

Okapi (<i>Okapia johnstoni</i>), giraffe (<i>Giraffa camelopardalis</i>), bushbuck (<i>Tragelaphus scriptus spp.</i>) and duiker (Cephalophinae <i>spp.</i>) tree drawn in BEAST v1.7.5.

<p>Posterior probabilities of >0.8 are highlighted with a single asterisk and posterior probabilities of >0.95 are highlighted with a double-asterisk. Dotted line indicates the most ancestral divergence within okapi. The shading on the tree shows when taxonomic units can be monophyletically grouped, with the different colours corresponding to different levels of inclusiveness for these groupings. For example, for bushbuck, Victoria Basin & Mt Elgon, Great Lakes & Albertine Rift and Imatong & Karamoja Highlands ecoregions could be grouped monophyletically, and are shaded red. The next monophyletic taxonomic grouping are the “scriptus” species (shaded blue), and then all bushbuck (shaded yellow).</p

Giraffidae phylogeny drawn in BEAST v1.7.5 [35], with red deer (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>) as an outgroup, using 505 bp of mtDNA.

<p>Posterior probabilities of >0.8 are highlighted with a single asterisk and posterior probabilities of >0.95 are highlighted with a double-asterisk. Haplotype labels refer to the haplotypes in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0101081#pone-0101081-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>.</p