Language management in literary events mediated by a Japanese native speakers : Analysis of the interaction in a shopping situation

千葉大学社会文化科学研究科研究プロジェクト報告書第104集『接触場面の言語管理研究vol.3』所

Design of experiments D and laboratory results to assess the role of <i>Betta splendens</i> fish in the transmission cycle of H5N1 virus in water.

<p> The 3 horizontal rectangles represent different types of water in which animals were immersed: contaminated vs non-contaminated. Tadpoles (T) were immersed along with the male fighting fish (F) in contaminated water. Black-filled lines represent the male fighting fish and the tadpoles immersed in contaminated water from day 0 (D0). At day 5, male contaminated fish were placed over-night in clean water before being exposed to non-contaminated females in clean water. White-filled lines represent naïve female fighting fish immersed in non-contaminated water from day 0. Stars indicate collection of fish and tadpoles (when present) for testing. The two experiments are discernable and identified as D.1 and D.2. White stars correspond to detection of infectious virus in fish. Black stars indicate that H5N1 virus was not recovered from fish's organs after inoculation into embryonated eggs. Numbers included in black boxes correspond to average viral loads measured in fish (F) and tadpoles (T) that were immersed in contaminated water. Numbers in white boxes correspond to average viral loads measured in female fighting fish that were immersed in clean water and exposed to contaminated male fish. Water samples were collected from contaminated water (experiment D.1) from day 0 (D0) up to day 20 (D20). Water samples were collected from non-contaminated water (experiment D.2) from day 0 (D0) to day 12 (D12). The values presented in italic correspond to the viral load measured in water samples. When the numbers in italic are displayed in white color, this indicates that infectious virus was also detected. When the numbers in italic are written in black color, this means that the virus was not recovered after inoculation into eggs.</p

Survival of infectious particles and persistence of virus RNA in simple biotopes (experiments A).

<p> A.1: only water of various origins maintained at 25°C and inoculated to a final concentration of 5×10⁴ EID50/mL with H5N1 virus of animal or avian origin. A.2:water and mud containing an estimated final concentration of virus of avian origin of 5×10⁴ EID50/mL water maintained at 25°C (A.2.1) or various concentrations of viruses of avian and human origins and maintained at various temperatures (A.2.2). A: Avian origin strain stands for the A/Chicken/Cambodia/LC1AL/2007 strain. H: Human origin strain stands for the A/Cambodia/408008/2005 strain.*last day of the corresponding experiment at which samples could be collected and tested.</p

Experimental conditions used for the study in simple (A) and complex (B) biotopes.

a<p>Avian origin strain stands for the A/Chicken/Cambodia/LC1AL/2007 strain. Human origin strain stands for the A/Cambodia/408008/2005 strain.</p>b<p>T° = Temperature (°C).</p

Survival of infectious particles and persistence of virus RNA in complex biotopes (experiments B).

<p>B.1: complex biotopes inoculated with virus of avian or human origins at various final concentrations and maintained at 25°C. B.2: complex biotopes inoculated with virus of avian or human origins at various final concentrations and maintained at various temperatures. A: Avian origin strain stands for the A/Chicken/Cambodia/LC1AL/2007 strain. H: Human origin strain stands for the A/Cambodia/408008/2005 strain.*last day of the corresponding experiment at which samples could be collected and tested.</p

Survival of infectious particles and persistence of virus RNA in water and fauna in experiments C and D.

<p> C: water inoculated with the virus of human origin, at a final estimated concentration of 5×10⁴ EID50/mL, maintained at 25°C and containing mussels. D: water inoculated with the virus of avian origin, at a final estimated concentration of 2×10² EID50/mL, maintained at 17°C and containing fighting fish and tadpoles.*last day of the corresponding experiment at which samples could be collected and tested.</p

Dissect the role of anti-HA and anti-NA antibodies in influenza HA and NA pseudotype release and entry.

<p>a) Titration of anti-HA immune sera by PN entry and PN release/entry assays; b) Titration of anti-NA immune sera by PN entry and PN release/entry assays. Black close square stands for anti-H5N1 neutralizing antibody response measured by PN release/entry assay; Red close square stands for anti-H5N1 neutralizing antibody response measured by PN entry assay; Black open circle stands for anti-VSV-G neutralizing antibody response measured by PN release/entry assay; Red open circle stands for anti-VSV-G neutralizing antibody response measured by PN entry assay.</p

Neutralizing antibody titers against H5N1 in pre- and post-immune sera measured by PN (entry) assay.

<p>*<1∶10: not detected.</p

Statistical analysis of neutralizing antibody activity of immune sera at 1∶20 dilution among three groups.

<p>Horizontal bars show the mean values of percentage inhibition in each of three groups. The data shown here were the combined results of two individual experiments.</p

Neutralizing antibody titers in pre- and post-immune sera measured by MN assay.

<p>*<1∶10: not detected.</p