Le temps, l'imagination, l'incertitude dans la théorie du professeur G. L. S. Shackle

Time, imagination, uncertainty, In professor G. L. S. Shackle's theory Philippe Beaughand If Professer G.L.S. Shackle's work has not the audience it should have got, the reason certainly is that « orthodox » economces has not cared to face the important issues it raises. Beginning with conditions and processes of making economic choices, as studied by Prof. Shackle in his latest book, this article intends to show its significance by examining the fundamental problems it brings up and the conclusions logically reached — particularly the subversion of economic rationalism which, while excluding ail together time and man's imagination, leads to fatalism of total determinism. By its implications (as a paramount example thé theory of profits is rapidly exposed) Prof. Shackle's work shows that an other Political Economy is conceivable ; surely it gives fewer results, as it no more claims predictions nor objectivity, but its approach is more realistic, more comprehensive, and more human.Si l'œuvre du Professeur G. L. S. Shackle n'a pas eu l'audience qu'elle mérite, la raison en est certainement que l'économie « orthodoxe » n'a pas voulu faire face aux questions qu'elle pose. Partant des conditions et procédures des choix économiques telles qu'elles sont étudiées dans le dernier livre du Prof. Shackle, l'article se propose d'en montrer la portée par l'examen des problèmes fondamentaux qui y sont posés et les conclusions en découlant logiquement — en particu­lier la subversion du rationalisme économique qui, en excluant à la fois le temps et l'imaginaire de l'homme, conduit au fatalisme du déterminisme absolu. Par ses implications (l'exemple capital de la théorie des profits est rapidement présenté), l'œuvre du Prof. Shackle montre qu'une autre Economie Politique est possible, moins « performante » sans doute puisqu'elle ne prétend plus à la prescience ni même à l'objectivité, mais plus réaliste, plus compréhensive, et plus humaine.Beaugrand Philippe. Le temps, l'imagination, l'incertitude dans la théorie du professeur G. L. S. Shackle. In: Revue économique, volume 33, n°2, 1982. pp. 297-322

Zaire's Hyperinflation, 1990-1996

This paper reviews Zaïre’s experience with hyperinflation during 1990-96 and develops an illustrative model based on a money demand function that includes government revenue as a determinant. Government revenue is itself subject to the “Tanzi effect,” in which inflation tends to lower revenue collections. The model is estimated over the 1990-96 period, and simulations are also presented. The paper concludes with a number of observations and policy recommendations for stopping hyperinflation in Zaïre.

Overshooting and Dollarization in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

The paper develops an interpretation of volatile exchange rate movements in a dollarized economy with very high rates of inflation. Differences between the rate of inflation and currency depreciation (over- or undershooting of the exchange rate) are seen as a proxy for changes in the relative demand for domestic and foreign currency. A simple model is calibrated for the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the 1990s and is used to derive estimates of the rate of dollarization.Dollarization;Exchange rates;Economic models;inflation, foreign currency, money demand, monetary policy, central bank, high inflation, rate of inflation, money balances, foreign exchange, monetary fund, money supply, price level, inflation rate, inflation rates, money stock, annual inflation, quantity theory of money, rational expectations, monetary dynamics, real money, rates of inflation, high rates of inflation, quantity theory, monetary instrument, relative price, monetary shocks, domestic monetary policy, monetary policy instruments, theory of money, measure of inflation, real national income, lower inflation, change in inflation, relative prices, terms of trade shocks, changes in prices, terms of trade, global money, money market, monetary union, money growth, money circulation

Le temps, l'imagination, l'incertitude dans la théorie du professeur G. L. S. Shackle

[fre] Si l'œuvre du Professeur G. L. S. Shackle n'a pas eu l'audience qu'elle mérite, la raison en est certainement que l'économie « orthodoxe » n'a pas voulu faire face aux questions qu'elle pose. Partant des conditions et procédures des choix économiques telles qu'elles sont étudiées dans le dernier livre du Prof. Shackle, l'article se propose d'en montrer la portée par l'examen des problèmes fondamentaux qui y sont posés et les conclusions en découlant logiquement — en particu­lier la subversion du rationalisme économique qui, en excluant à la fois le temps et l'imaginaire de l'homme, conduit au fatalisme du déterminisme absolu. Par ses implications (l'exemple capital de la théorie des profits est rapidement présenté), l'œuvre du Prof. Shackle montre qu'une autre Economie Politique est possible, moins « performante » sans doute puisqu'elle ne prétend plus à la prescience ni même à l'objectivité, mais plus réaliste, plus compréhensive, et plus humaine. [eng] Time, imagination, uncertainty,. In professor G. L. S. Shackle's theory. Philippe Beaughand. If Professer G.L.S. Shackle's work has not the audience it should have got, the reason certainly is that « orthodox » economces has not cared to face the important issues it raises. Beginning with conditions and processes of making economic choices, as studied by Prof. Shackle in his latest book, this article intends to show its significance by examining the fundamental problems it brings up and the conclusions logically reached — particularly the subversion of economic rationalism which, while excluding ail together time and man's imagination, leads to fatalism of total determinism. By its implications (as a paramount example thé theory of profits is rapidly exposed) Prof. Shackle's work shows that an other Political Economy is conceivable ; surely it gives fewer results, as it no more claims predictions nor objectivity, but its approach is more realistic, more comprehensive, and more human.

Evaluation des D-Dimères chez les patientes pré-éclamptiques

LILLE2-BU Santé-Recherche (593502101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Overshooting and dollarization in the Democratic Republic of the Congo - WP/03/105

Document collected by the University of Texas Libraries from the web-site of the Reseau Documentaire International Sur La Region Des Grands Lacs Africains (International Documentation Network on the Great African Lakes Region). The Reseau distributes "gray literature", non-published or limited distribution government or NGO documents regarding the Great Lakes area of central Africa including Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.UT Librarie

Bases cytologiques et moléculaires de la dégradation enzymatique du son de blé tendre (thèse pour le doctorat en sciences spécialité Biochimie)

Le son de blé est un co-produit de l'agriculture abondant pour lequel la valorisation des arabinoxylanes (AX) par une endoxylanase est envisagée. En effet, le son de blé tendre (Triticum aestivum) désamidonné est riche en AX, environ 40%, et comprend des couches cellulaires d'origine distinctes: le péricarpe, la testa, la couche nucellaire, et la couche à aleurone. Cette complexité tissulaire et cellulaire se traduit par une grande hétérogénéité pariétale. Afin de mieux comprendre dans quelle mesure l'hétérogénéité histologique, cellulaire et pariétale entraîne des limitations dans l'accessibilité et l'action de l'enzyme, nous avons développé une stratégie basée sur la caractérisation chimique et la visualisation in situ de l'action de l'enzyme. Des sons industriels désamidonnés dont les teneurs en polysaccharides, protéines, acides hydroxycinnamiques (HCA) et diféruliques (DiFA), et le ratios A/X présentent des taux distincts de dégradation par la xylanase. En particulier, la proportion en DiFA des sons de blé résiduels à l'action xylanolytique est négativement corrélée avec les taux de solubilisation des AX, suggérant que les caractéristiques des AX et leurs interactions au sein des parois sont des facteurs limitants. L'importance du ratio A/X et de l'état physique du substrat a été abordée par une étude comparative sur deux xylanases thermostables. Les valeurs des paramètres cinétiques indiquent que malgré son aptitude à dégrader des substrats très substitués, la xylanase de la famille 10 est moins efficace que celle de la famille 11 pour solubiliser les AX insolubles du son. Les résultats concernant la dégradation enzymatique d'enveloppes de grains prélevés à divers stades de maturation suggèrent que la présence d'acides féruliques et le faible dépôt de lignine dans les enveloppes n'altèrent pas l'efficacité de l'enzyme. Comme pour les enveloppes issues de grain matures, l'aleurone et la couche nucellaire sont fortement dégradés alors que le péricarpe reste intact quel que soit le stade de maturité. L'immunolocalisation d'une xylanase (famille 11) sauvage ou sa forme mutante inactive, et d'AX faiblement substitués a été réalisée sur du son ou sur ses couches individualisées. Sur le son, la xylanase active est d'abord retrouvée dans les parois de l'aleurone côté albumen amylacé, puis progresse unilatéralement au travers de l'aleurone et au final dégrade la couche nucellaire. Des micro domaines résistants sont toutefois apparents. A l'opposé, la présence de xylanase n'est pas observée dans le péricarpe et la testa, pour lesquels aucun marquage des AX non substitués n'a été détecté. En plus de la barrière physique représentée par les couches cuticulaires, le réseau pariétal peut également limiter à la fois la pénétration et la diffusion de l'enzyme. En l'occurrence, la pénétration de la xylanase est facilitée par la dégradation des arabinoxylanes dans les parois sensibles à son actionWheat bran is an abundant agricultural by-product for which xylanase upgrading of arabinoxylans (AX) is of interest. Indeed, starch-depleted wheat bran (Triticum aestivum) is rich in AX (about 40%) and includes botanically distinct layers: the pericarp, the testa, the nucellar layer and the aleurone layer, resulting in a mixture of chemically heterogeneous cell-walls. To better understand the way by which the chemical heterogeneity of the bran cells, the cell-wall network and the tissular organization hamper both accessibility and enzyme action, we have devised a strategy based on chemical analysis and in situ visualisation of the xylanase action. Industrial destarched wheat brans display significant variations in carbohydrate, A/X ratio, protein, hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) and diferulic acid (DiFA) contents and differed in their susceptibility to xylanase. Notably the total DiFA in enzyme-depleted bran was negatively correlated with the amount of soluble AX, suggesting that both structural feature of AX and cross-linking were limiting factors. The impact of the A/X ratio and the physical state of the substrate was further studied while comparing two thermostable xylanases. In spite of its ability to disrupt highly substituted AX, the xylanase from family 10 is less efficient than the family 11 xylanase for AX solubilisation from the insoluble wheat bran in respect to their kinetic parameters. Examination of the enzymatic degradation of the external layers isolated from maturing wheat grain suggests that the slight lignin deposition and ferulic accumulation would not significantly alter enzyme efficiency. As for mature wheat bran, aleurone and nucellar layers were mostly degraded whereas pericarp stayed intact at all stages of maturation. Immunocytochemical localization of both feebly substituted arabinoxylans and xylanase family 11 (active and engineered inactive forms) was performed using wheat bran and micro-dissected layers. In wheat bran, the active xylanase was confined to the AL cell walls close to the endosperm, and then progressed unilaterally throughout the AL and finally attack the nucellar layer; some resistant micro domains were also evidenced. In contrast, no enzyme was observed in the pericarp and the testa that did not show any labeling with the non-substituted AX antiserum. Apart from the physical barriers provided by the cuticle layers, the cell wall network would also restrict enzyme penetration and diffusion. Thereby, xylanase penetration was facilitated by the concomitant depletion of arabinoxylans in enzyme-sensitive cell wallsREIMS-BU Sciences (514542101) / SudocSudocFranceF

The Choice Between External and Domestic Debt in Financing Budget Deficits

The paper reviews the principles and practical considerations involved in the choice between foreign and domestic financing of fiscal deficits, and derives a series of recommendations broadly applicable to Central and West African countries. The paper develops a simple analytical framework and shows that highly concessional external debt is usually a superior choice to domestic debt in terms of financial costs and risks, even in the face of a probable devaluation. The paper stresses the importance of the availability and terms of financing, and of overall long-term debt sustainability. It concludes that these countries need to take a gradual approach to domestic debt financing, beginning with the issuance of short-term bills, and ensure a solid track record of meeting their debt-service obligations.External debt;Domestic debt;Central Africa;West Africa;public debt, debt management, central bank, budget deficit, debt service, domestic financing, external borrowing, foreign debt, debt sustainability, external financing, foreign loan, public debt management, domestic currency, debt relief, foreign borrowing, government expenditure, debt sustainability analysis, domestic borrowing, current account, primary deficit, deficit financing, balance of payments, debt burden, fiscal policy, government deficit, fiscal deficits, budget deficits, external loans, government revenue, debt servicing, central banks, debt strategy, debt management agency, debt management strategy, government deficits, external debt management, public and publicly guaranteed debt, bilateral creditors, foreign currency debt, concessional debt, debt situation, accumulation of arrears, debt crisis, government debt, long-term debt, external borrowings, domestic financial markets, public and publicly guaranteed, external public debt, debt managers, taxation, fiscal policies, currency debt, public finance, domestic debts, increase in government expenditure, commercial borrowing, debt management strategies, external debt service, long-term debt sustainability, foreign aid, fiscal management, budget constraint, debt service to exports, day-to-day debt management, domestic investors, debt recording, debt buildup, external debt sustainability, debt-service, external shocks, public sector debt, debt problem, domestic savings, commercial debt, debt ratio, principal repayments, domestic debt management, foreign loans, debt portfolio, national budget, amortization payments, government budget constraint, external debt situation, borrowing on debt sustainability, debt relief mechanisms, primary expenditure, fiscal stability, reserve bank, public deficits, government budget, debt crises, long-term external debt, debt management functions, traditional debt relief, debt-service obligations, debt management system, repayments, debt sustainability analyses, ratio of debt, debt stocks, domestic saving, traditional debt relief mechanisms, currency composition, tax system, debt burdens, stock of debt, composition of government expenditure, tax burden, debt management authority, debt outstanding, relief mechanisms