A comparison of local GDP to local hospital charges between 1998 and 2002, and the average charge of total hospital costs from 1996 to 2002.

<p>*Mean values for Zhongwei, Tongxin and Haiyuan counties with low per capita GDP plus Xiji county with the lowest per capita GDP in south NHAR.</p

Domicile of inpatients with echinococcosis from Guyuan and Yinchuan hospitals (1996–2002).

<p>*Values in brackets are %.</p

Per capita expenditure (US$) of households (basic livelihood proportions) for urban and rural areas in NHAR in 2002 (Source: reference [13]).

<p>*Percentage (%) value of the proportion of household expenditure on the items shown.</p

A comparison of the average inpatient charges (as a %) between rural (Guyuan) and urban (Yinchuan) hospitals during 1996 to 2002.

1<p>Includes costs for anaesthesia, surgery and other supplemental charges.</p>2<p>Includes charges for occupation of a hospital room by accompanying family members and renting toilet containers for the patient.</p

Descriptive statistic for local entire GDP/per capita GDP levels, per capita income/deposited income compared with hospital charges by category for 2002 in NHAR (source: references [13], [17]).

<p>%¹ indicates the outcome of a comparison of health care expenditure/hospital charges with per capita income;</p><p>%² indicates the outcome of a comparison of health care expenditure with per capita deposited income;</p><p>#Mean values for Zhongwei, Tongxin and Haiyuan counties with low per capita GDP plus Xiji county with the lowest per capita GDP in south NHAR.</p><p>§Projected costs for a poor farmer from a rural area seeking inpatient healthcare at different public hospitals. The gap between income and hospital payment accounted for 163% of per capita income and 1800% of deposited income if the farmer sought inpatient treatment at a local county hospital; it accounted for 208% of per capita income and 2285% of deposited income if treatment was sought in Guyuan, and 318% of per capita income and 3495% of deposited income if sought in Yinchuan.</p

Geographic and economic zonal map of NHAR, P.R. China.

<p>Geographic and economic zonal map of NHAR, P.R. China.</p

Ultrasound classification of cystic echinococcosis based on WHO expert consensus.

<p>CL: as a potentially parasitic cyst, indicates a very early stage of parasite development. CE1 or CE2: suggests active parasite. CE3a: is characterized by detachment cyst membrane and/or partial degeneration of cyst content, without daughter cysts, indicates a transitional stage. CE3b: suggests a transitional stage of parasite, partial degeneration of daughter cysts. CE4 or CE5: indicates an inactive parasite.</p

Effect of <i>Taenia</i> co-infection on prevalence of <i>E. granulosus.</i>

<p>Using a Bayesian latent-class model, prevalence of <i>E. granulosus</i> in <i>Taenia</i> test-negative dogs was estimated at 4.1% (95% credible intervals 1.9–8%), and in <i>Taenia</i> test-positive dogs was estimated at 21.1% (95% credible intervals 5.1–56.9%). <i>Taenia</i> co-infection was found to be a significant covariate with <i>E. granulosus</i> infection (odds ratio 6.32, 95% credible intervals 2.8–15.2). In the figure the posterior distributions of the prevalence of <i>E. granulosus</i> with (blue) and without (red) <i>Taenia</i> co-infection are shown.</p

Effect of <i>Taenia</i> co-infection on prevalence of <i>E. multilocularis.</i>

<p>Using a Bayesian latent-class model, prevalence of <i>E. multilocularis</i> in <i>Taenia</i> test-negative dogs was estimated at 12.2% (95% credible intervals 7.6–18.9%), and in <i>Taenia</i> test-positive dogs was estimated at 22.3 (95% credible intervals 8.2–47.7%). <i>Taenia</i> co-infection was found to be a significant covariate with <i>E. multilocularis</i> infection (odds ratio 2.06, 95% credible intervals 1.07–3.9). In the figure the posterior distributions of the prevalence of <i>E. multilocularis</i> with (blue) and without (red) <i>Taenia</i> co-infection are shown.</p

Estimated test accuracies for <i>E. multilocularis</i> and <i>E. granulosus</i>.

<p>Estimated test accuracies (posterior means) for <i>E. multilocularis</i> and <i>E. granulosus</i> and their 95% credibility intervals in the final model with <i>Taenia</i> co-infection as a covariate on prevalence.</p