2,803 research outputs found
FIRMSā NON-RELIANCE JUDGMENT, RESTATEMENT VENUE CHOICE, AND LITIGATION RISK
This paper examines the determinants of firmsā non-reliance judgment and the effect of restatements disclosure venue choice on future litigation risk. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires firms to disclose any error that will undermine investorsā reliance on previously issued financial statements in Item 4.02 of Form 8-K starting on August 23, 2004. The requirements for non-reliance judgments lack clear guidelines; raising concerns that firms are cloaking errors and mistakes through opaque disclosure venues instead of the more prominent Form 8-K.
This paper is the first to investigate the quantitative and qualitative criteria that firms use for non-reliance judgments and estimate the likelihood of specific disclosure venue choice. Applying this estimation into securities class-action litigation setting with controls for restatement characteristics and potential self-selection biases, I find that a more prominent restatement disclosure venue is associated with higher future litigation risk.
This finding provides a plausible explanation for the current popularity of so-called āstealth restatements.ā These findings are robust to the exclusion of a transition period of the new regulation, firms with multiple restatements, and dismissed lawsuits
THE IMPACT OF MARKET REFORMS ON SPATIAL VOLATILITY OF MAIZE PRICE IN TANZANIA
The impacts of market reforms on prices volatility in developing countries are not well understood because analysts have not been able to predict the impacts. This study investigates whether the reforms have exacerbated the degree of spatial volatility of maize price in Tanzania using ARCH-M model. Results indicate that developed regions might have experienced less volatile prices than less developed regions. Infrastructure development to increase the volume of trade between the regions is recommended.Demand and Price Analysis,
Zombie Vortex Instability. II. Thresholds to Trigger Instability and the Properties of Zombie Turbulence in the Dead Zones of Protoplanetary Disks
In Zombie Vortex Instability (ZVI), perturbations excite critical layers in
stratified, rotating shear flow (as in protoplanetary disks), causing them to
generate vortex layers, which roll-up into anticyclonic zombie vortices and
cyclonic vortex sheets. The process is self-sustaining as zombie vortices
perturb new critical layers, spawning a next generation of zombie vortices.
Here, we focus on two issues: the minimum threshold of perturbations that
trigger self-sustaining vortex generation, and the properties of the late-time
zombie turbulence on large and small scales. The critical parameter that
determines whether ZVI is triggered is the magnitude of the vorticity on the
small scales (and not velocity), the minimum Rossby number needed for
instability is for , where is
the Brunt-V\"ais\"al\"a frequency. While the threshold is set by vorticity, it
is useful to infer a criterion on the Mach number, for Kolmogorov noise, the
critical Mach number scales with Reynolds number: . In protoplanetary disks, this is .
On large scales, zombie turbulence is characterized by anticyclones and
cyclonic sheets with typical Rossby number 0.3. The spacing of the
cyclonic sheets and anticyclones appears to have a "memory" of the spacing of
the critical layers. On the small scales, zombie turbulence has no memory of
the initial conditions and has a Kolmogorov-like energy spectrum. While our
earlier work was in the limit of uniform stratification, we have demonstrated
that ZVI works for non-uniform Brunt-V\"ais\"al\"a frequency profiles that may
be found in protoplanetary disks.Comment: Submitted to Ap
On the Feature Discovery for App Usage Prediction in Smartphones
With the increasing number of mobile Apps developed, they are now closely
integrated into daily life. In this paper, we develop a framework to predict
mobile Apps that are most likely to be used regarding the current device status
of a smartphone. Such an Apps usage prediction framework is a crucial
prerequisite for fast App launching, intelligent user experience, and power
management of smartphones. By analyzing real App usage log data, we discover
two kinds of features: The Explicit Feature (EF) from sensing readings of
built-in sensors, and the Implicit Feature (IF) from App usage relations. The
IF feature is derived by constructing the proposed App Usage Graph (abbreviated
as AUG) that models App usage transitions. In light of AUG, we are able to
discover usage relations among Apps. Since users may have different usage
behaviors on their smartphones, we further propose one personalized feature
selection algorithm. We explore minimum description length (MDL) from the
training data and select those features which need less length to describe the
training data. The personalized feature selection can successfully reduce the
log size and the prediction time. Finally, we adopt the kNN classification
model to predict Apps usage. Note that through the features selected by the
proposed personalized feature selection algorithm, we only need to keep these
features, which in turn reduces the prediction time and avoids the curse of
dimensionality when using the kNN classifier. We conduct a comprehensive
experimental study based on a real mobile App usage dataset. The results
demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework and show the predictive
capability for App usage prediction.Comment: 10 pages, 17 figures, ICDM 2013 short pape
The Meaning of 'Free Access to Legal Information': A Twenty Year Evolution
Free online access to legal information is approaching maturity in some parts of the world, after two decades of development, but elsewhere is still in its early stages of development. Nowhere has it been realised fully.Ā The main question asked in this paper is āwhat should 'free access' mean in relation to legal information in order for it to be fully effective?ā As with software, we must ask whether free access to law is āfree as in beer, or free as in speech?ā The six most significant attempts over the last twenty years to answers this question are analysed to show that a substantial degree of international consensus has developed on what āfree access to legal informationā now means. Of thirty separate identifiable principles, most are found in more than one statement of principles, and many are now relatively common in the practices of both States and providers of free access to legal information (government and NGO). Many concern measure to avoid the development of monopolies in publication of the core legal documents of a jurisdiction. Which principles are essential to the meaning of āfree access to legal informationā, and which are only desirable, is usually clear. Two complementary meanings of āfree access to legal informationā emerge. The first states the obligations of the State in relation to ensuring free access to legal information āĀ but not necessarily providing it. The key elements concern the right of republication. The second meaning states the conditions under which an organisation can correctly be said to be a provider of free access to legal information. We argue that a better definition is needed than the āconsensusā suggests, and propose one based on the avoidance of conflicts with maximisation of the quality and quantity of free access. One use of such a set of principles is to help evaluate the extent to which any particular jurisdiction has implemented free access to legal information. A brief example is given of Australia, a county with a generally good record but some deficiencies. Finally the paper considers what steps should be taken to most effectively realise a reformulated concept of āfree access to legal informationā, by civil society, by States at the national level, and at the international level
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