Additional file 1: of A systematic review of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and mathematical ability: current findings and future implications

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Cross-lagged path model of vocabulary and ADHD symptom scores.

<p>95% confidence intervals are provided in brackets. Values in square brackets [] represent time-specific genetic and environmental contributions to ADHD symptoms and vocabulary scores. Asterisks indicate the significantly greater path at the p = 0.05 level. Non-significant paths are indicated by dashed lines.</p

Transmission of genetic (A), shared environmental (C) and non-shared environmental (E) influences between ADHD symptoms and vocabulary scores over time.

<p><i>Note</i>: Percentages in parentheses refer to the proportion of variance at the age indicated transmitted from the previous time point, i.e. transmitted from time 1 to time 2 and from time 2 to time 3. For each trait, percentages within each column add up to 100%, and, thus, may not perfectly correspond to proportions derivable from parameter estimates in this table, due to rounding error.</p><p>Transmission of genetic (A), shared environmental (C) and non-shared environmental (E) influences between ADHD symptoms and vocabulary scores over time.</p

Proportions of the phenotypic correlations between ADHD symptoms and Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrice scores due to genetic (A), shared environmental (C) and non-shared environmental (E) influences.

<p>ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; r_ph = phenotypic correlation</p><p>^aProportions of the phenotypic correlation due to total genetic or environmental influences (i.e. transmitted plus age-specific effects).</p><p>^bProportions of the phenotypic correlation due to time-specific genetic or environmental influences specific to early adolescence.</p><p>Figures in parentheses refer to the absolute contributions of A, C and E respectively to the phenotypic correlations between ADHD symptoms and Raven’s scores.</p><p>Proportions of the phenotypic correlations between ADHD symptoms and Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrice scores due to genetic (A), shared environmental (C) and non-shared environmental (E) influences.</p

Proportions of the phenotypic correlations between ADHD symptoms and vocabulary scores due to genetic (A), shared environmental (C) and non-shared environmental (E) influences.

<p>ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; r_ph = phenotypic correlation</p><p>^aProportions of the phenotypic correlation due to total genetic or environmental influences (i.e. transmitted plus age-specific effects).</p><p>^bProportions of the phenotypic correlation due to time-specific genetic or environmental influences specific to early adolescence.</p><p>Figures in parentheses refer to the absolute contributions of A, C and E respectively to the phenotypic correlations between ADHD symptoms and vocabulary scores.</p><p>Proportions of the phenotypic correlations between ADHD symptoms and vocabulary scores due to genetic (A), shared environmental (C) and non-shared environmental (E) influences.</p

Phenotypic correlations between ADHD symptom and Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices scores.

<p>95% confidence intervals are provided in brackets.</p><p>Phenotypic correlations between ADHD symptom and Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices scores.</p

Phenotypic correlations between ADHD symptom and vocabulary scores.

<p>95% confidence intervals are provided in brackets.</p><p>Phenotypic correlations between ADHD symptom and vocabulary scores.</p

Transmission of genetic (A), shared environmental (C) and non-shared environmental (E) influences between ADHD symptoms and Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices over time.

<p><i>Note</i>: Percentages in parentheses refer to the proportion of variance at the age indicated transmitted from the previous time point, i.e. transmitted from time 1 to time 2 and from time 2 to time 3. For each trait, percentages within each column add up to 100% and, thus, may not perfectly correspond to proportions derivable from parameter estimates in this table, due to rounding error.</p><p>Transmission of genetic (A), shared environmental (C) and non-shared environmental (E) influences between ADHD symptoms and Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices over time.</p

Unstandardised parameter estimates (G1–G3) from the Cholesky decomposition across digit span backward (DSB), reading difficulties (RD) and inattention (IA).

<p>Unstandardised parameter estimates (G1–G3) from the Cholesky decomposition across digit span backward (DSB), reading difficulties (RD) and inattention (IA).</p

Phenotypic correlations across inattention (IA), hyperactivity-impulsivity (H-I), reading difficulties (RD), reaction time variability (RTV), commission errors (CE), choice impulsivity (CI), digit span forward (DSF) and digit span backward (DSB).

<p>*p<0.01.</p