Process-based modelling of decadal trends in growth, survival, and smolting of wild salmon (Salmo salar) parr in a Scottish upland stream

This paper reports a new model of the freshwater stages of an anadromous fish, at the core of which is a stochastic description of the size-at-age dynamics of a growing cohort. Emigration is assumed to require the individual to exceed a threshold size at a critical time of year, thus making the distributions of survival to, and age at, smolting emergent properties of the model. The model is applied to a long-term data set on juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the Girnock Burn, Scotland, to understand the role played by decadal temperature trends in generating changes in smolt production and age distribution. We conclude that changes in age at smolting are compatible with causation by shifts in the temperature regime. However, the large attenuation between a dramatic fall in spawner numbers and a relatively minor diminution in total smolt production does not result from the physiological effects of temperature but is rather a result of strongly density-dependent mortality between the deposition of ova and the appearance of catchable fry the following summer

Review of the Literature on the Economics of Central Anaerobic Digesters

Minnesota can improve the utilization of manure and organic wastes via the production of biogas that can be used to produce heat and electricity. Denmark serves as a role model for Minnesota in the number of central anaerobic digesters that it supports. During anaerobic digestion methane is produced when naturally occurring anaerobic bacteria decompose organic matter in the absence of oxygen. This process produces what is called biogas, which usually is a mixture of 55 – 65 percent methane plus carbon dioxide with trace gases such as hydrogen sulfide. Co-generation using manure and other feedstocks can produce more energy than manure alone. Central digesters are more likely to process wastes from food processing plants and other sources resulting in the need for more specialized unloading facilities and larger storage spaces. Digesters can be owned by farmers or consumers cooperatives, third party/non-farming investor(s), state or municipal government, or established as a cooperative or limited liability corporation. Problems associated with centralized digester operation include capital constraints, low profitability, lower-than-expected waste availability, electricity connection and pricing, and waste disposal constraints.Livestock Production/Industries, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

The Ursinus Weekly, November 15, 1937

College newsmen convene at Lehigh • Tests show frosh are superior in languages • Philo League casts to play here Friday • Senior cast rehearses hilarious comedy • Sophs OK cosmetics for test-passing frosh girls • Manuscript Club hears alumna author • Ursinus Woman\u27s Club to meet at Gimbel\u27s Dec. 4 • Lantern to include two new departments • Weekly elections this week • Dr. Yost pleads for peace in address at vespers • Bone speaks tonight • Swing it, Howard: It won\u27t be long now • Mrs. Brown to speak tonight at Phys. Ed. Club meeting • Lewis, Nachod to read reports at Hall Chem. meeting • Dr. White addresses Berks medical society • Professor Manning is host to mathematicians • Ditter, Goldberg debate partitioning of Palestine • French Club reviews origin of French customs • Robinson asserts brotherhood active in deputation • Basow to review writings of Katherine Mansfield • Two runs by Smith bring first conference win, over Bullets, 15-6 • Unbeaten bear booters tie G-burg 2-2 • Which will it be - Brodbeck or Curtis? Come and see, tomorrow p.m. • Customs removed at Christmas if freshmen win • Girls needed for competition in ping-pong, checker contests • Two games this week to end 1937 hockey season • Laucks is best prognosticator in final weekly grid contest; picks nine out of ten • Frosh debaters to start activity December 9 • MSC appoints French ex-officio member from day studyhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/1882/thumbnail.jp

The Ursinus Weekly, February 26, 1940

Design for understanding is all-Ursinus conference theme • Mr. Bailey improved • Jan Peerce interview reveals past hardships, future plans • Old England scene of pageant May 11 • Dr. Philip reviews Jan Peerce concert • Leads for boosters\u27 melodrama chosen • Dr. Hart relates needs of student\u27s personality • First week of May set for Ruby appearance • Albany\u27s band to play in Hawaiian atmosphere • Pre-legal club named after J. Lynn Barnard • Trade agreements topic for Wednesday forum • Blum, Showalter win decision in debate at Dickinson College • Ursinus representatives attend student council conference • Picture sittings for 1940 \u27Ruby\u27 listed • Posters to publicize open scholarships • Dr. Carter helps judge debates for two high school groups • Dr. Price \u2705, to head Montgomery Co. alumni • College students are opposed to hazing; freshmen uphold old customs of initiation • Women debaters meet Leb. Valley tomorrow • Mary Robbins will discuss Pan-Americanism at IRC • Gettysburg, Swarthmore and Drexel beaten by basketeers • Matmen pin Mules for initial triumph • Undefeated co-eds top pair of rivals • Norristown Y cubs\u27 first court victim • League race will probably be decided during coming week: Bears to meet two opponents away; F. and M. has three games to playhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/1835/thumbnail.jp

Inspection of surface strain in materials using dense displacement fields

We have developed high density image processing techniques for finding the surface strain of an unprepared sample of material from a sequence of images taken during the application of force from a test rig. Not all motion detection algorithms have suitable functional characteristics for this task, as image sequences are characterised by both short- and long-range displacements, non-rigid deformations, as well as a low signal-to-noise ratio and methodological artefacts. We show how a probability-based motion detection algorithm can be used as a high confidence estimator of the strain tensor characterising the deformation of the material. An important issue discussed is how to minimise the number of image brightness differences that need to be calculated. We give results from three studies: mild steel under axial tension, the formation of kink bands in compressed carbon-fibre composite, and non-homogeneous strain fields in a welded aluminium alloy. Because the algorithm offers increased accuracy near motion contrast boundaries, its application has resulted in new mesomechanical observations

Recent moored current meter and SOFAR float observations in the eastern Atlantic near 32N

Basic flow statistics from the two-year deployment of a mooring in the vicinity of 32N and 24W are presented, along with intercomparisons between SOFAR float results concurrent with the first year of moored instrument data. Current-temperature meters were deployed in the main thermocline (∼500 m depth), in Mediterranean Water (1000–1100 m depth) along with the SOFAR floats, and at an abyssal (∼3000 m) level. The float and current meter averages over a common time interval are at least roughly the same, with eddy field intercomparisons being better than those for mean flow. Strong year-to-year variability in the time-averaged flow and eddy statistics at thermocline depths is observed. The two-year based eddy kinetic energies (KE) are about the same as found using a variety of data taken nearby, whereas zonal mean speeds exhibit strong, comparatively short horizontal scale variability. It is pointed out that all measurements available exhibit a significant (perhaps dominant) but relatively unexplored interannual variability, not yet explicitly connected to variations in the gyre-scale circulation. Frequency distributions of KE are peaked at the (temporal) mesoscale at abyssal depth, and KE increases with increasing period in the thermocline. The distribution of KE with frequency at thermocline depths is also temporally inhomogeneous, although not at mesoscale and shorter periods. Meridonal frequency distributions of KE are peaked at the mesoscale and zonal distributions are more “red.” The eddy field characteristics at this site are shown to be similar to those from other low energy regions in the North Atlantic and the North Pacific

Valence band offset of InN/AlN heterojunctions measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

The valence band offset of wurtzite-InN/AlN (0001) heterojunctions is determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to be 1.52±0.17 eV. Together with the resulting conduction band offset of 4.0±0.2 eV, a type-I heterojunction forms between InN and AlN in the straddling arrangement

Surface electronic properties of undoped InAlN alloys

The variation in surface electronic properties of undoped c-plane InxAl1−xN alloys has been investigated across the composition range using a combination of high-resolution x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and single-field Hall effect measurements. For the In-rich alloys, electron accumulation layers, accompanied by a downward band bending, are present at the surface, with a decrease to approximately flatband conditions with increasing Al composition. However, for the Al-rich alloys, the undoped samples were found to be insulating with approximate midgap pinning of the surface Fermi level observed