45 research outputs found
Probing Parity-Violation with the Four-Point Correlation Function of BOSS Galaxies
Parity-violating physics in the early Universe can leave detectable traces in
late-time observables. Whilst vector- and tensor-type parity-violation can be
observed in the -modes of the cosmic microwave background, scalar-type
signatures are visible only in the four-point correlation function (4PCF) and
beyond. This work presents a blind test for parity-violation in the 4PCF of the
BOSS CMASS sample, considering galaxy separations in the range
. The parity-odd 4PCF contains no contributions
from standard CDM physics and can be efficiently measured using
recently developed estimators. Data are analyzed using both a non-parametric
rank test (comparing the BOSS 4PCFs to those of realistic simulations) and a
compressed analysis, with the former avoiding the assumption of a
Gaussian likelihood. These find similar results, with the rank test giving a
detection probability of (). This provides significant
evidence for parity-violation, either from cosmological sources or systematics.
We perform a number of systematic tests: although these do not reveal any
observational artefacts, we cannot exclude the possibility that our detection
is caused by the simulations not faithfully representing the statistical
properties of the BOSS data. Our measurements can be used to constrain physical
models of parity-violation. As an example, we consider a coupling between the
inflaton and a gauge field and place bounds on the latter's energy
density, which are several orders of magnitude stronger than those previously
reported. Upcoming probes such as DESI and Euclid will reveal whether our
detection of parity-violation is due to new physics, and strengthen the bounds
on a variety of models.Comment: 30 pages, 11 figures, accepted by Phys. Rev. D. Code available at
https://github.com/oliverphilcox/Parity-Odd-4PC
Optimal Estimation of the Binned Mask-Free Power Spectrum, Bispectrum, and Trispectrum on the Full Sky: Scalar Edition
We derive optimal estimators for the two-, three-, and four-point correlators
of statistically isotropic scalar fields defined on the sphere, such as the
Cosmic Microwave Background temperature fluctuations, allowing for arbitrary
(linear) masking and inpainting schemes. In each case, we give the optimal
unwindowed estimator (obtained via a maximum-likelihood prescription, with an
associated Fisher deconvolution matrix), and an idealized form, and pay close
attention to their efficient computation. For the trispectrum, we include both
parity-even and parity-odd contributions, as allowed by symmetry. The
estimators can include arbitrary weighting of the data (and remain unbiased),
but are shown to be optimal in the limit of inverse-covariance weighting and
Gaussian statistics. The normalization of the estimators is computed via Monte
Carlo methods, with the rate-limiting steps (involving spherical harmonic
transforms) scaling linearly with the number of bins. An accompanying code
package, PolyBin, implements these estimators in Python, and we demonstrate the
estimators' efficacy via a suite of validation tests.Comment: 33 pages, 10 figures, code available at
https://github.com/oliverphilcox/PolyBin. Accepted by Phys. Rev.
Do the CMB Temperature Fluctuations Conserve Parity?
Observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) have cemented the
notion that the large-scale Universe is both statistically homogeneous and
isotropic. But is it invariant also under reflections? To probe this we require
parity-sensitive statistics: for scalar observables, the simplest is the
trispectrum. We make the first measurements of the parity-odd scalar CMB,
focusing on the large-scale () temperature anisotropies measured by
Planck. This is facilitated by new quasi-maximum-likelihood estimators for
binned correlators, which account for mask convolution and leakage between
even- and odd-parity components, and achieve ideal variances within . We perform a blind test for parity violation by comparing a
statistic from Planck to theoretical expectations, using two suites of
simulations to account for the possible likelihood non-Gaussianity and residual
foregrounds. We find consistency at the level, yielding no
evidence for novel early-Universe phenomena. The measured trispectra allow for
a wealth of new physics to be constrained; here, we use them to constrain eight
primordial models, including Ghost Inflation, Cosmological Collider scenarios,
and Chern-Simons gauge fields. We find no signatures of new physics, with a
maximal detection significance of . Our results also indicate that
the recent parity excesses seen in the BOSS galaxy survey are not primordial in
origin, given that the CMB dataset contains roughly more primordial
modes, and is far easier to interpret, given the linear physics, Gaussian
statistics, and accurate mocks. Tighter CMB constraints can be wrought by
including smaller scales and adding polarization data.Comment: 7+13 pages, 4+5 figures, accepted by Phys. Rev. Lett. Code available
at https://github.com/oliverphilcox/PolyBin/tree/main/planck_publi
Could Sample Variance be Responsible for the Parity-Violating Signal Seen in the BOSS Galaxy Survey?
Recent works have uncovered an excess signal in the parity-odd four-point
correlation function measured from the BOSS spectroscopic galaxy survey. If
physical in origin, this could indicate evidence for new parity-breaking
processes in the scalar sector, most likely from inflation. At heart, these
studies compare the observed four-point correlator to the distribution obtained
from parity-conserving mock galaxy surveys; if the simulations underestimate
the covariance of the data, noise fluctuations may be misinterpreted as a
signal. To test this, we reanalyse the BOSS CMASS + LOWZ parity-odd dataset
with the noise distribution modeled using the newly developed GLAM-Uchuu suite
of mocks. These comprise full N-body simulations that follow the evolution of
dark matter particles in a CDM universe, and represent a
significant upgrade compared to the formerly MultiDark-Patchy mocks, which were
based on an alternative (non N-body) gravity solver. We find no significant
evidence for parity-violation in the BOSS dataset (with a baseline detection
significance of ), suggesting that the former signal (
with our data cuts) could be caused by an underestimation of the covariance in
MultiDark-Patchy. The significant differences between results obtained with the
two sets of BOSS-calibrated galaxy catalogs showcases the heightened
sensitivity of beyond-two-point analyses to the treatment of non-linear effects
and indicates that previous constraints may suffer from large systematic
uncertainties.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Efficient Computation of -point Correlation Functions in Dimensions
We present efficient algorithms for computing the -point correlation
functions (NPCFs) of random fields in arbitrary -dimensional homogeneous and
isotropic spaces. Such statistics appear throughout the physical sciences, and
provide a natural tool to describe a range of stochastic processes. Typically,
NPCF estimators have complexity (for a data set containing
particles); their application is thus computationally infeasible unless
is small. By projecting onto a suitably-defined angular basis, we show that the
estimators can be written in separable form, with complexity
, or if evaluated
using a Fast Fourier Transform on a grid of size . Our decomposition
is built upon the -dimensional hyperspherical harmonics; these form a
complete basis on the -sphere and are intrinsically related to angular
momentum operators. Concatenation of such harmonics gives states of
definite combined angular momentum, forming a natural separable basis for the
NPCF. In particular, isotropic correlation functions require only states with
zero combined angular momentum. We provide explicit expressions for the NPCF
estimators as applied to both discrete and gridded data, and discuss a number
of applications within cosmology and fluid dynamics. The efficiency of such
estimators will allow higher-order correlators to become a standard tool in the
analysis of random fields.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures, submitted to PNAS. Comments welcome
Testing Graviton Parity and Gaussianity with Planck T-, E- and B-mode Bispectra
Many inflationary theories predict a non-Gaussian spectrum of primordial
tensor perturbations, sourced from non-standard vacuum fluctuations, modified
general relativity or new particles such as gauge fields. Several such models
also predict a chiral spectrum in which one polarization state dominates. In
this work, we place constraints on the non-Gaussianity and parity properties of
primordial gravitational waves utilizing the Planck PR4 temperature and
polarization dataset. Using recently developed quasi-optimal bispectrum
estimators, we compute binned parity-even and parity-odd bispectra for all
combinations of CMB T-, E- and B-modes with , and perform both
blind tests, sensitive to arbitrary three-point functions, and targeted
analyses of a well-motivated equilateral gravitational wave template (sourced
by gauge fields), with amplitude . This is the first time
B-modes have been included in primordial non-Gaussianity analyses; they are
found to strengthen constraints on the parity-even sector by and
dominate the parity-odd bounds, without inducing bias. We report no detection
of non-Gaussianity (of either parity), with the template amplitude constrained
to (stable with respect to a number of analysis
variations), compared to in Planck 2018. The methods applied
herein can be reapplied to upcoming CMB datasets such as LiteBIRD, with the
inclusion of B-modes poised to dramatically improve future bounds on tensor
non-Gaussianity.Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures, accepted by Phys. Rev.