Urinary Peptide Levels in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure

Introduction: Peptide levels in urine are found to be decreased in renal failure. In the current study urinary peptide levels were determined in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients. Method: 86 CRF patients and 80 healthy controls were selected for the study. Urinary proteins and peptide levels were determined by spectrophotometer based Lowry and Bradford methods. Urinary creatinine levels were determined by clinical chemistry analyzer. Results: There was significant decrease in urinary peptide levels in CRF patients and Urinary % peptides were significantly decreased in CRF patients as compared to healthy controls. Urinary % peptides correlated negatively with proteinuria. Conclusion: we have found decrease in urinary peptides and % urinary peptides in CRF patients and possibly measurement of % urinary peptides may possibly serve as better indicator in early detection of impairment in renal function

Stress in a Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Brush

This work studies the stress in stimuli-responsive planar polymer brushes of neutral water-soluble polymers with low to very high graft densities using strong stretching theory (SST). SST with the Langevin force–extension relation for a polymer chain is extended to the study of stimuli-responsive brushes. The stress profile and other structural properties of a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) brush are then obtained using the extended SST and an empirical Flory–Huggins parameter. The swelling ratio predicted by our model is in good qualitative agreement with experimental measurements from the literature. Our model predicts that the stress in a PNIPAm brush is inhomogeneous and compressive at all temperatures and graft densities. The resultant stress is predicted to increase in magnitude with increasing graft density. A temperature increase results in a decrease in the resultant stress magnitude in low graft density brushes but a mild increase in high density brushes. This contrasting behavior arises from the minimum in the interaction free energy density versus polymer volume fraction curve for a PNIPAm solution at a large volume fraction and the stiffening of chains due to finite extensibility. Our results indicate that the ability to tune the resultant stress by changing the temperature diminishes with increasing graft density

Use of orthogonal or parallel plating techniques to treat distal humerus fractures.

Distal humerus fractures continue to be a complex fracture to treat. This article describes two surgical techniques that can be used to tackle these difficult fractures: Parallel plating and orthogonal plating. Both techniques have yielded excellent outcomes after open reduction and internal fixation; yet each has its own set of unique considerations. However, the key to successful treatment of these difficult fractures regardless of technique remains obtaining anatomic reduction with stable fixation and the implementation of early motion

Stress in a stimuli-responsive polymer brush

The application of a polymer brush in sensing, actuation, self-folding, among others acutely depends on the tuneable bending of a brush-grafted substrate caused by the stress in the brush. However, the stress in a stimuli-responsive brush has not been investigated. In this work, we study the stress in the stimuli-responsive planar polymer brushes of neutral water-soluble polymers with low to very high graft densities using strong stretching theory (SST). First, SST with the Langevin force-extension relation for a polymer chain is extended to the study of stimuli-responsive brushes. Stress profile and other properties of a Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) brush are then obtained using the extended SST and an empirical Flory-Huggins parameter. The model predicts that the stress in a PNIPAm brush is inhomogeneous and compressive at all temperatures and graft densities. The resultant stress is predicted to increase in magnitude with increasing graft density. Moreover, it decreases in magnitude with an increase in temperature before plateauing in low graft density brushes. In contrast, its magnitude increases weakly with increasing temperature in high density brushes. This contrasting behavior is traced to the minimum in interaction free energy density \emph{vs} polymer volume fraction curve for PNIPAm solution at a large volume fraction, and stiffening of chains due to finite extensibility. Furthermore, our results indicate that the ability to tune the resultant stress by changing temperature diminishes with increasing graft density

Transient Analysis of Primary Feed Pump Trip for 700 MWe IPHWR

700 MWe Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (IPHWR) is a horizontal channel type reactor with two loops of Primary Heat Transport (PHTS) system. Three (two operating and one stand by) main boiler feed water pumps (BFP) supply feed water to Steam Generators (SGs). In the event of one of the running BFP trip, standby comes on line on auto. Transient analysis for this event is performed using in- house computer code ATMIKA.T .The transient has been initiated by tripping one of the pumps. Two cases are postulated: 1: BFP Trip and Standby BFP available on auto 2: BFP Trip and Standby pump not available. This paper provides timelines of following sequence of events which is important for operator’s action to maneuver the event, and the main findings of the study are: Following the tripping of one BFP, feed flow reduces and SGs level start falling. As SGs level fall, feed control valves open up in level control mode and system resistance in feed water circuit reduces. If the standby pump comes on auto, the SGs level recovers with a slight dip in level. The feed flow increases and settles down to normal value. Subsequently all the parameters converge to steady state value. Reactor continues to operate at 100% FP. In the event of main BFP trip without the availability of standby BFP, feed flow rate drops. SGs pressure rise slightly due to reduction in sub cooled feed flow and SGs level start to decrease. Reactor setback starts as SG level goes below set back limit. SG level continues to fall and reactor trips on SG Level very very low trip setting

Analysis and Optimization of Machining Process Parameters Using Design of Experiments

In any machining process, apart from obtaining the accurate dimensions, achieving a good surface quality and maximized metal removal are also of utmost importance. A machining process involves many process parameters which directly or indirectly influence the surface roughness and metal removal rate of the product in common. Surface roughness and metal removal in turning process are varied due to various parameters of which feed, speed, depth of cut are important ones. A precise knowledge of these optimum parameters would facilitate reduce the machining costs and improve product quality. Extensive study has been conducted in the past to optimize the process parameters in any machining process to have the best product. Current investigation on turning process is a Response Surface Methodology applied on the most effective process parameters i.e. feed, cutting speed and depth of cut while machining Aluminium alloy and resin as the two types of work pieces with HSS cutting tool. The main effects (independent parameters), quadratic effects (square of the independent variables), and interaction effects of the variables have been considered separately to build best subset of the model. Three levels of the feed, three levels of speed, three values of the depth of cut, two different types of work materials have been used to generate a total 20 readings in a single set. After having the data from the experiments, the performance measures surface roughness (Ra) of the test samples was taken on a profilometer and MRR is calculated using the existing formulae. To analyze the data set, statistical tool DESIGN EXPERT-8 (Software) has been used to reduce the manipulation and help to arrive at proper improvement plan of the Manufacturing process & Techniques. Hypothesis testing was also done to check the goodness of fit of the data. A comparison between the observed and predicted data was made, which shows a close relationship. Key words: Surface Roughness and Metal Removal Rate, Turning, Response Surface    Methodology, Aluminium Alloy, Resin.