Has the U.S.-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement Led to Higher FDI into Vietnam?

In December 2001, a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) came into effect that normalized economic relations between the United States and Vietnam. The resulting surge in trade surpassed most expectations. The impact of the BTA on FDI, however, has been less visible, especially with regard to U.S. FDI into Vietnam. This paper uses new data that accounts for FDI by U.S. subsidiaries resident in third counties to show that U.S. firms have been much more aggressive investors in Vietnam than normally reported in typical bilateral FDI data using Balance of Payments definitions of capital flows. While the U.S. is widely reported as the 11th largest investor into Vietnam, the new data shows that U.S.-related FDI exceeded all other countries in 2004. Although a formal model is not developed, descriptive data supports strongly the conclusion that the BTA has had a major impact on FDI into Vietnam, especially with regard to FDI from U.S. multinationals.FDI; Trade Agreement

Has the U.S.-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement Led to Higher FDI into Vietnam?

In December 2001, a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) came into effect that normalized economic relations between the United States and Vietnam. The resulting surge in trade surpassed most expectations. The impact of the BTA on FDI, however, has been less visible, especially with regard to U.S. FDI into Vietnam. This paper uses new data that accounts for FDI by U.S. subsidiaries resident in third counties to show that U.S. firms have been much more aggressive investors in Vietnam than normally reported in typical bilateral FDI data using Balance of Payments definitions of capital flows. While the U.S. is widely reported as the 11th largest investor into Vietnam, the new data shows that U.S.-related FDI exceeded all other countries in 2004. Although a formal model is not developed, descriptive data supports strongly the conclusion that the BTA has had a major impact on FDI into Vietnam, especially with regard to FDI from U.S. multinationals

Has the U.S.-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement Led to Higher FDI into Vietnam?

In December 2001, a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) came into effect that normalized economic relations between the United States and Vietnam. The resulting surge in trade surpassed most expectations. The impact of the BTA on FDI, however, has been less visible, especially with regard to U.S. FDI into Vietnam. This paper uses new data that accounts for FDI by U.S. subsidiaries resident in third counties to show that U.S. firms have been much more aggressive investors in Vietnam than normally reported in typical bilateral FDI data using Balance of Payments definitions of capital flows. While the U.S. is widely reported as the 11th largest investor into Vietnam, the new data shows that U.S.-related FDI exceeded all other countries in 2004. Although a formal model is not developed, descriptive data supports strongly the conclusion that the BTA has had a major impact on FDI into Vietnam, especially with regard to FDI from U.S. multinationals

TỐC ĐỘ CHUYỂN DỊCH KIẾN TẠO GIAI ĐOẠN PLEISTOCEN GIỮA - MUỘN DỌC ĐỚI ĐỨT GÃY SÔNG HỒNG KHU VỰC LÀO CAI - VIỆT TRÌ

SUMMARY Slip rates during the Middle-Late Pleistocene period along Red River Fault Zone in Lao Cai - Viet Tri section The Red River Fault Zone (RRFZ) is one of the major faults, which plays an important role in Asia as well as in Vietnam. In the Cenozoic, the RRFZ has been undergone two stages of motion: left-lateral displacement in Oligo-Miocene time and right-lateral displacement from Pliocene to present. This study presents new evidences on right-lateral displacement showned by the offsets of terraces, streams, Quaternary sediments and weathering layer,… along the RRFZ from Lao Cai to Viet Tri area. These offsets are determined in the Middle-Late Pleistocene period with the amount of right-lateral slip is estimated from ~100m to ~1300m and the slip rate from 1.1mm/yr to 1.8mm/yr

ASSESSMENT OF GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES AND ACTIVE TECTONICS IN CON VOI MOUNTAIN RANGE AREA (NORTHERN VIETNAM) USING THE HYPSOMETRIC CURVE ANALYSIS METHOD

the Day Nui Con Voi (DNCV) area of Vietnam. For this purpose, a spatial database was collected and constructed, including DEM (Digital Elevation Model) and a geological map. The hypsometric curve (HC) analysis method and its statistical moments were adopted to use for the assessment. These methods have been widely used for the assessment of geomorphic processes and active tectonics in many areas in the world showing promising results. A total of 44 sub-basins of the Red River and the Chay river were analyzed. The result shows that 3 curve-types such as "straight- shape", "S- shape", and concave were found; with the concave curve being the dominant and widely distributed in the northeast side and in the south of the southwestern side of the study area. The hypsometric integral (HI) values are rather small with the largest value is 0.37 and the smallest one is 0.128. Other statistical moments of the hypsometric curve, i.e. skew (SK), kurtosis (KUR), and the density function (density skew - DSK and density kurtosis-DKUR) show great values, which increased in the south direction of the area study. Accordingly, recent active tectonics (uplift-lower) in the study area is generally weak; however, they are also not completely homogeneous and can be distinguished by different levels. The southwestern side is being lifted higher than the northeastern side. The northern part is being lifted larger than the southern part. In the region, the uplift activities were increased gradually in the Pliocene-Quaternary and could have stopped at certain time in the past. The current geomorphic processes are mainly headward erosion in the upstream.References Allen, C.R., Gillepie, A.R., Han, Y., Sieh, K.E., Zhu, C., 1984. 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The Ailao Shan -  Red Rive shear zone (Yunnan, China), Tertiary transform boundary of  Indochina. Tectonophysics, v. 251,  pp. 3-84.Leloup, P.H., Lacassin, R., Tapponnier, P., Harrison, T.M., 2001. Comment on “Onset timing of left-lateral movement along the Ailao Shan±Red River Shear Zone: 40Ar/39Ar dating constraint from the Nam Dinh Area, northeastern Vietnam” by Wang et al., 2000. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 18, 281-292. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 20, 95-99.Lifton, N. A., Chase, C.G., 1992. Tectonic, climatic and lithologic influences on landscape fractal dimension and hypsometry: implications for landscape evolution in the San Gabriel Mountains, California. Geomorphology 5, 77-114.Luo, W., 1998. Hypsometric analysis with a geographic information system. Computers Geosciences, Vol. 245, No. 8, 815-821.Luo, W., 2000. Quantifying groundwater- sapping landforms with a hypsometric technique. 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The active faults and the maximum earthquakes of the Red River Fault zone in Lao Cai-Yen Bai area, Journal of Sciences of the Earth, Vol. 28, (2), 110-120 (In Vietnamese with English abstract).Ngo Van Liem, Phan Trong Trinh, Nguyen Van Huong, Nguyen Cong Quan, Tran Van Phong, Nguyen Phuc Dat, 2016. Analyze the correlation between the geomorphic indices and recent tectonic active of the Lo River fault zone in southwest of Tam Dao range. Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences. Vol. 38, No. 1, 1-13 (In Vietnamese with English abstract).Nguyen Quoc Cuong., Zuchiewicz, W., Tokarski. A. K., 1999. Morphotectonic evidence for right-lateral normal slip in the Red River Fault Zone: insights from the study on Tam Dao fault scarp (Viet Nam), J. Geology, Seri B, 13-14, 57-59.Nguyen Xuan Nam, 2015. Quaternary Geology characteristics, present-day tectonic geomorphology of the Da river valley from HoaBinh to Viet Tri and correlation with geological hazards. Doctorate Thesis. Hanoi University of Mining and Geology (In Vietnamese with English abstract).Ohmori, H., 1993. Changes in the hypsometric curve through mountain building resulting from concurrent tectonics and denudation. Geomorphology 8, 263-277.Pedrera, A., Pérez-Peña, J.V., Galindo-Zaldívar, J., Azañón, J.M., Azor, A., 2009. Testing the sensitivity of geomorphic indices in areas of low-rate active folding (eastern Betic Cordillera, Spain). Geomorphology 105, 218-231.Pérez-Peña, J.V., Azañón, J.M., Azor, A., 2009. CalHypso: An ArcGIS extension to calculate hypsometric curves and their statistical moments. Applications to drainage basin analysis in SE Spain. Computers Geosciences 35, 1214-1223.Phan Trong Trinh, Hoang Quang Vinh, Leloup Philippe Hervé, Giuliani, G., Vincent Garnier., Tapponnier, P., 2004. Cenozoic deformation, thermodynamic evolution, slip mechanism of Red River shear zone and ruby formation. Science and Technics Publishing House, Hanoi. 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Computers Geosciences 37, 250-260.Strahler, A.N., 1952. Hypsometric (area-altitude) analysis of erosional topography. Geological Society of America Bulletin 63, 1117-1142.Strahler, A.N., 1957. Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 38, 913-920.Tran Dinh To, 2002. The characterize of  Neotectonics of Red River-Chay River Fault Zone. Doctorate Thesis, Institute of Geological Sciences, Hanoi, (In Vietnamese with English abstract).Tran Dinh To, Duong Chi Cong, Vy Quoc Hai, Matthias Becker, Marina Neuman, 2003. Activity  of Red River fault zone at Tam Dao-Ba Vi derived from GPS data (1994-1996-1998-2000). Journal of Sciences of the Earth, 25(4)PC, 511-515 (In Vietnamese with English abstract).Tran Dinh To, Nguyen Trong Yem, 2001.Amplitude and rate of slip of the Red River Zone in late Cenozoic. Journal of Sciences of the Earth, 23(4), 334-353. (In Vietnamese with English abstract).Tran Ngoc Nam, 1999. 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On the Out of Distribution Robustness of Foundation Models in Medical Image Segmentation

Constructing a robust model that can effectively generalize to test samples under distribution shifts remains a significant challenge in the field of medical imaging. The foundational models for vision and language, pre-trained on extensive sets of natural image and text data, have emerged as a promising approach. It showcases impressive learning abilities across different tasks with the need for only a limited amount of annotated samples. While numerous techniques have focused on developing better fine-tuning strategies to adapt these models for specific domains, we instead examine their robustness to domain shifts in the medical image segmentation task. To this end, we compare the generalization performance to unseen domains of various pre-trained models after being fine-tuned on the same in-distribution dataset and show that foundation-based models enjoy better robustness than other architectures. From here, we further developed a new Bayesian uncertainty estimation for frozen models and used them as an indicator to characterize the model's performance on out-of-distribution (OOD) data, proving particularly beneficial for real-world applications. Our experiments not only reveal the limitations of current indicators like accuracy on the line or agreement on the line commonly used in natural image applications but also emphasize the promise of the introduced Bayesian uncertainty. Specifically, lower uncertainty predictions usually tend to higher out-of-distribution (OOD) performance.Comment: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) 2023, Workshop on robustness of zero/few-shot learning in foundation model

VẬT LIỆU TIO2/THAN HOẠT TÍNH TỪ TRO TRẤU VÀ KHẢ NĂNG HẤP PHỤ XANH METHYLENE

In the present work, TiO2/activated-carbon composite (TiO2/RHAC) was synthesized with an assembly method. Activated carbon was fabircated from rice husks. The water-soluble titanium complex was synthesized from anatase via the peroxide complex. The mixture of activated carbon and water-soluble TiO2 was calcined at 600 °C. The obtained samples were characterized by using XRD, SEM, EDX, and UV-Vis-DR. The results show that the obtained composites exhibit excellent adsorption toward methylene blue (MB). The equilibrium data fit the Langmuir isotherm model well. The maximum monolayer capacity calculated from the Langmuir model is 144.7 mg·g–1. The TiO2/RHAC could be self-cleaned after use by photocatalytic degradation. The adsorption capacity insignificantly decreases after three recycles of adsorption, and TiO2/RHAC is a promising adsorbent for removing dyes from the aqueous environment.Trong nghiên cứu này, TiO2/than hoạt tính từ tro trấu (TiO2/RHAC) đã được tổng hợp bằng phương pháp trộn lẫn than hoạt tính và phức titanium. Than hoạt tính được tổng hợp từ tro trấu và phức titanium hòa tan trong nước tổng hợp từ anatase bằng cách tạo phức peroxide. Hỗn hợp được nung trong môi trường thiếu oxy ở 600 °C. Vật liệu tổng hợp được phân tích bằng nhiễu xạ tia X, kính hiển vi điện tử quét và đẳng nhiệt hấp phụ/giải hấp phụ ni tơ. TiO2/RHAC có khả năng hấp phụ cao đối với xanh methylene. Số liệu đẳng nhiệt cân bằng tuân theo mô hình Langmuir và dung lượng hấp phụ cực đại tính theo mô hình này là 144,7 mg·g–1. Chất bị hấp phụ có thể được loại bỏ bằng cách chiếu sáng bằng đèn chiếu nhờ khả năng xúc tác quang hóa của nó. Sau ba lần tái sinh, dung lượng hấp phụ thay đổi không đáng kể. TiO2/RHAC có tiềm năng làm chất hấp phụ xử lý phẩm màu nói chung

KIẾN TẠO HIỆN ĐẠI VÀ CÁC TAI BIẾN ĐỊA CHẤT LIÊN QUAN Ở VÙNG BIỂN VIỆT NAM VÀ LÂN CẬN

SUMMARY Neotectonics and geological hazards in Vietnam Sea and surroundings This paper presents velocities of present-day tectonic movements in Vietnam and surroundings determined from GPS campaigns from 2007 to 2010. Absolute displacements and velocities of GPS stations in the IGS05 frame were determined. The result indicates that Lang station (LANG) moves eastward with slip rate of ~39mm/yr, southward with slip rate of ~11 mm/yr. The rate of Bach Long Vi (BLV1) is ~30mm/yr for the eastern component and ~11mm/yr for southern component. Song Tu Tay (STT1) moves eastwards with the rate of ~24mm/yr and southwards of 8mm/yr. Con Dao (CDA1) moves to the east with the rate of ~22mm/yr and to the south with the rate of ~6mm/yr. Dong Hoi (DOHO) move to the east with the rate of ~27mm/yr and to the south with the rate of ~8mm/yr. Hue (HUES) moves to the east with the rate of ~30 mm/yr and to the south with the rate of ~12mm/yr. HOCM move to the east with the rate of ~22mm/yr and to the south with the rate of ~10mm/yr. Calculate errors for both direction vary in 0.6 - 1mm/y. Based on seismic profiles, focal mechanisms and regional stress field, several fault segments in Pliocene - Quaternary sediments in East Vietnam Sea has been identified in Red River, Cuu Long and Nam Con Son basins with maximum of 15 km in length. Actual stress regimes in Vietnam and south Hainan basins being transitional demonstrate no source of large tsunami closing to Vietnam shelf. The subduction zone located at north Borneo is not active at present. Only Manila subduction zone is the source for large tsunami in East Vietnam Sea. Based on gravimetric field, topography, distribution of focal mechanisms in various depths and the rate of actual tectonic movement, 5 fault zones of the Manila subduction zone have been divided. The fault zones F3 and F4 can produce respectively maximum earthquake of 8.1 and 8.4. Modeling of displacement of fault zone F4 from the depth 15 to 20 km, 2m high of tsunami at Quang Ngai can be occurred. The depth of tsunami flood can be up to 4-5 m at some places in Quang Ngai and Da Nang

GRADIENT KIẾN TẠO HIỆN ĐẠI KHU VỰC NINH THUẬN VÀ LÂN CẬN

The estimation of the present day tectonic movement and tectonic gradient (strain rate) has an important practical signification in the assessment of active fault and seismic hazards for the selection of Ninh Thuan nuclear power plant. Based on the three campaigns of GPS measurement between 2012 - 2013, we used BERNESE 5.0 software to determine present day slip rates of 13 stations in ITRF08 frame. The GPS stations move eastwards at the slip rates of 22 - 25 mm/yr, southwards at the velocities of 5 - 10 mm/yr. The standard errors in latitudinal and longitudinal directions are 1.2 mm/yr and 0.9 mm/yr, respectively. Combined with GPS data from the project of the study on actual geodynamics in Tay Nguyen TN3/06, we determined the strain rate ranging from 50 to 100 nanostrains with the standard error of 50 nanostrains. The direction of  maximum compressive strain rate is from northwest - southeast to east - west.Đánh giá vận tốc chuyển động kiến tạo hiện đại và gradient kiến tạo hiện đại có ý nghĩa thực tiễn quan trọng trong việc đánh giá đứt gãy hoạt động nguy hiểm động đất phục vụ xây dụng nhà máy điện hạt nhân Ninh Thuận. Trên cơ sở đo 3 chu kỳ GPS vào các năm 2012 - 2013, sử dụng phần mềm BERNESE 5.0, chúng tôi đã xác lập được vận tốc chuyển động kiến tạo hiện đại tại 13 điểm đo GPS trong khu vực lân cận bao gồm kéo dài từ Nha Trang tới đảo Phú Quý. Vận tốc chuyển dịch kiến tạo hiện đại về phía đông thay đổi từ 22 - 25 mm/năm và chuyển dịch về phía nam với vận tốc giao động từ 5 - 10 mm/năm trên hệ tọa độ toàn cầu ITRF08. Sai số vận tốc chuyển dịch kiến tạo về phía đông giao động trong khoảng 1,2 - 1,5 mm/năm và về phía nam giao động trong khoảng 0,9 - 1,2 mm/năm. Liên kết với giá trị đo GPS từ đề tài nghiên cứu địa động lực hiện đại khu vực Tây Nguyên mã số TN3/T06, chúng tôi đã xác định được giá trị vận tốc biến dạng giao động từ 50 nano tới 100 nano biến dạng với sai số giao động trong khoảng 50 nano biến dạng. Trục biến dạng nén cực đại giao động theo phương thay đổi từ bắc nam sang đông bắc - tây nam. Trục biến dạng căng cực đại có phương thay đổi từ tây bắc - đông nam sang phương đông - tây

Prevalence of Antibodies against Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus among Cullers and Poultry Workers in Ho Chi Minh City, 2005

Background: Between 2003 and 2005, highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses caused large scale outbreaks in poultry in the Ho Chi Minh City area in Vietnam. We studied the prevalence of antibodies against H5N1 in poultry workers and cullers who were active in the program in Ho Chi Minh City in 2004 and 2005. Methodology/Principal Findings: Single sera from 500 poultry workers and poultry cullers exposed to infected birds were tested for antibodies to avian influenza H5N1, using microneutralization assays and hemagglutination inhibition assay with horse blood. All sera tested negative using microneutralization tests. Three samples showed a 1:80 titer in the hemagglutination inhibition assay. Conclusions/Significance: This study provides additional support for the low transmissibility of clade 1 H5N1 to humans, but limited transmission to highly exposed persons cannot be excluded given the presence of low antibody titers in some individuals. © 2009 Schultsz et al.published_or_final_versio