Developments in the Right to Defence for Juvenile Offenders Since Vietnam’s Ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child

This article examines Vietnam’s legal changes and law enforcement practices in regards to the right to defence of juvenile offenders since Vietnam ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990. A combination of research methods is employed, including document analysis, statistical analysis, and selected case studies. The findings of the research indicate that Vietnam has demonstrated considerable improvement in acknowledging the right to defence of juvenile offenders in its law. The contemporary Vietnamese regulations are similar to the CRC’s requirements about legal assistance for juvenile offenders. The implementation of the law, however, confronts difficulties as juvenile offenders and their parents’ misunderstand the right to defence, and the procedure-conducting persons and defence councils’ lack commitment to their responsibilities. Therefore, Vietnam needs more effective mechanisms in order to realise the right to defence for juvenile offenders, closing the gap between the rights on paper and in practice

ACUTE TOXICITY OF THE ETHANOL EXTRACT AND ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION OF EUPATORIUM FORTUNEI TO DAPHNIA MAGNA

Previous studies have shown that the crude ethanol extract and its ethylacetate fraction of the plant Eupatorium fortunei Turcz strongly inhibited the growth of a harmful freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. However, the perspective of using these plant extracts as alternative algicides takes into account their potential risks to other species in aquatic ecosystems, including Daphnia magna. The current study presents the acute toxicity of the extracts to D. magna. The median lethal concentrations, immobilizing 50 % of D. magna, (LC50) after 24 and 48 h of the ethanol extract were 247 and 183 mg L-1, respectively. In the exposure to ethyl acetate fraction, the values of 24h-LC50 and 48h-LC50 were 47 and 13 mg L-1, respectively. The values of dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH in the control and treatments had little change during the 48-hour experiment period, fluctuating from 6.44 ÷ 7.90 and 6.07 ÷ 7.78 mg L-1, respectively, and they were still good conditions for D.magna growth. Finally, these results prove clearly that the ethyl acetate fraction is more toxic to the freshwater cladoceran than the ethanol extract. To our knowledge, it is the first report of the acute toxic estimation of E. fortunei extracts to zooplankton species, D. magna. Chronic toxicity of these extracts to D. magna needs to be studied in next step.

Robust Adaptive Control of 3D Overhead Crane System

In this chapter an adaptive anti-sway controller for uncertain overhead cranes is proposed. The system model including the system uncertainties and disturbances is introduced firstly. Next, the adaptive controller which can guarantee tracking the desired position of the trolley as well as the anti-sway of the load cable is established. In this chapter, the system is proven to be input-to-state stable (ISS) which is supported by Lyapunov technique. The proposed algorithm is verified by using Matlab/Simulink simulation tool. The simulation results shown that the presented controller gives the good performances (i.e., fast transient response, position tracking, and low swing angle) when there exist system parameters variation as well as input disturbances

CHARACTERISTICS AND QUANTITIES OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN HOUSEHOLDS IN HANOI

Joint Research on Environmental Science and Technology for the Eart

Improving the livelihood of small farmers in the pig value chain: Experiences in the north of Vietnam

Livestock sector in general and pig production in particular are important in Vietnam not only for supplying food for its growing population but also for their significant contributions to the country’s economy. Smallholder pig producers which are common, are estimated to supply at least 80% of pork in total pork production in the country. The paper airms to draw a picture of pig production performance of small farmers based on the survey data of ILRI-VNUA and value chain approach. It is believed that pig smallholders in Vietnam perform a weak market orientation, and they do not have full information about market. Therefore, some implications should be as small pig farmers need facilitation from the government and training & improving veterinary network are needed; Government management on input and output markets should be strengthened effectively; The private sector should participate actively in the chains; and Awareness of food safety of people should be improved

Predicting Performances of Mutual Funds using Deep Learning and Ensemble Techniques

Predicting fund performance is beneficial to both investors and fund managers, and yet is a challenging task. In this paper, we have tested whether deep learning models can predict fund performance more accurately than traditional statistical techniques. Fund performance is typically evaluated by the Sharpe ratio, which represents the risk-adjusted performance to ensure meaningful comparability across funds. We calculated the annualised Sharpe ratios based on the monthly returns time series data for more than 600 open-end mutual funds investing in listed large-cap equities in the United States. We find that long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent units (GRUs) deep learning methods, both trained with modern Bayesian optimization, provide higher accuracy in forecasting funds' Sharpe ratios than traditional statistical ones. An ensemble method, which combines forecasts from LSTM and GRUs, achieves the best performance of all models. There is evidence to say that deep learning and ensembling offer promising solutions in addressing the challenge of fund performance forecasting.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures, 4 table

A thorough theoretical investigation into complexes formed by interaction of dimethyl sulfoxide with two water molecules

A computational study of the stability and the cooperative effect of hydrogen bonds in the complexes of dimethyl sulfoxide and two water molecules was undertaken at the MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) level of theory. The cooperative energies of obtained complexes are significantly negative, indicating that there is a large cooperativity between types of hydrogen bonds. The existence of the O−H∙∙∙O hydrogen bond present at dimer of water increases the stability of O−H∙∙∙O and C−H∙∙∙O hydrogen bonds in the ternary complexes compared to relevant binary complexes. By vibrational and NBO analyses, it is found that the magnitude of stretching frequency red shift of O−H bonds in the O−H···O hydrogen bonds is enhanced, whereas the extent of stretching frequency blue shift of C−H bonds in the C−H∙∙∙O hydrogen bonds is weakened when the cooperativity of hydrogen bonds happens in the ternary complexes. Obtained results of AIM analysis and stabilization energies indicate the larger contribution of the O−H∙∙∙O relative to the C−H∙∙∙O hydrogen bond to cooperativity. Keywords. Dimethyl sulfoxide, hydrogen bond, cooperativity