FEEDING PREFERENCE OF SILKWORM LARVAE DEPENDING ON BIOCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES RELATED TO MULBERRY GENOTYPES

Objective: The silkworm rearing was influenced by different mulberry cultivars according to the biochemical properties of leaves. In this present study, a comparative analysis was made to investigate feeding preference of silkworm larvae depending on biochemical attributes of mulberry genotypes.Methods: For this purpose, seven different mulberry cultivars and one germ plasm namely Dudhiya was selected. F1 hybrid (Nistari × bivoltine) of silkworm larvae was reared under selected cultivars of mulberry leaves at different seasons. Biochemical assessment of all leaves was also done.Results: Among these, S1, V1 and S1635 mulberry cultivars showed higher amount of total protein, total sugar and chlorophyll, also exhibited better feeding response on economic attributes of silkworm. Maximum accumulation of ascorbic acid and glutathione was recorded during winter in Dudhiya leaves. The accumulation of H2O2, superoxide and lipid peroxidation was comparatively higher than other cultivars during stress period in Dudhiya. Statistical analysis revealed that larval growth and economical parameters depend on biochemical properties of leaves and inversely associated with excessive production of Reactive oxygen species (ROS).Conclusion: The scavenger and ROS ratio was properly maintained in S1, V1 and S1635 leaves which might help leaf metabolic homeostasis. Proper metabolic activities of leaves possibly will produce higher proteins and carbohydrates which were required for larval growth and silk production as established from the PCA plot analysis. Therefore S1, V1 and S1635 might be recommended for silkworm rearing or commercial cultivation purpose throughout all season.Keywords: Silkworm, Mulberry cultivars, Proline, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), MDA, Single cocoon weight.Â

Mixed culture of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) and flathead grey mullet Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) in floating cages

The study explored the possibility of integrating the grey mullet Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) along with Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in floating cage culture in Godavary Estuary, India. Post-larvae (PL 12) of L. vannamei (3 lakhs nos.), were acclimatised and nursed in five hapas for 28 days at a density of 3333 nos. m-2, with survival of 60%. L. vannamei juveniles having mean weight of 0.86 g, stocked at a density of 1060 nos. m-2, were cultured along with and without pre-stocked M. cephalus, in three floating cages each. Six thousand fry of M. cephalus (mean length 4.17 cm; mean weight 1.22 g) were stocked in three cages at uniform density of 23.5 nos. m-3, three months prior to stocking of L. vannamei. Shrimps were fed commercial pellets @ 3-8% of body weight, four times daily and harvested after 68 days. Fishes were fed with pelleted feed and after five months attained mean length of 23.7 cm and mean weight of 274.1 g. Survival was 46.4% and the average production obtained was 250.2 kg. At harvest, L. vannamei in monoculture system attained mean weight of 13.3 g and in the mixed culture system, average weight obtained for the shrimps was 13.5 g. Survival, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and production of L. vannamei from monoculture were 64.7%, 2.0 and 258.9 kg and from mixed culture 76.8%, 1.6 and 311.5 kg respectively. Daily weight increment and specific growth rate (SGR) of L. vannamei was 0.18 g and 4.06 for monoculture and 0.19 g and 4.01 for mixed culture, resepectively. Feed conversion, survival and production of L. vannamei were significantly (p<0.05) better in mixed culture, confirming technical superiority of mixed culture over monoculture

Growth performance of Asian seabass Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) stocked at varying densities in floating cages in Godavari Estuary, Andhra Pradesh, India

Present study was undertaken in Godavary Estuary, Andhra Pradesh for evaluation of the effect of three stocking densities on growth performance, survival and production of Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) in floating cages and for optimisation of stocking density in cage farming. Seabass fingerlings having length and weight of 8.36±0.32 cm and 8.10±0.61 g respectively, were stocked in six cages (6 m dia; 3 m net depth) at three different stocking densities of 15, 30 and 45 nos. m-3 and their growth performance was monitored every fortnight for five months. All fishes were fed with chopped trash fish @ 8 - 12% of body weight. After 150 days of grow-out culture, seabass fingerlings reached 36.0±6.0 cm in length and 690.7±41.3 g in weight at density of 15 nos. m-3, 33.9±0.4 cm and 633.2±17.9 g at density of 30 m-3 and 30.2±0.4 cm and 465.0±21.2 g at density of 45 nos. m-3. Growth was allometric and did not differ with stocking density. Survival percentage was comparatively higher at lower (87.3%) and moderate (83.9%) stocking densities, while production was higher at moderate (1363.2 kg) and higher (1258.4 kg) stocking densities (p<0.5). Gain in weight as well as specific growth rate (SGR) were higher at lower and moderate stocking densities (p<0.5). The results of the study indicated that among the three stocking densities tested, 30 nos. m-3 is superior to 15 and 45 nos. m-3, with higher yield

Molybdenum complexes. 3. Bis(hydroxamates) of dioxomolybdenum(VI) and their reactions: control of redox activity by substituent effects, protic equilibriums, and oxaziridine formation

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Mono- and bi-nuclear hydroxamates of bis(2-phenylazopyridine)ruthenium(II)

The synthesis and characterisation of chelates of types [Ru(pap)₂{ON(R)C(O)C₆H₄X-p}][ClO₄]·H₂O, (1), [Ru(pap)₂{ON=C(O)C₆H₄X-p}]·H₂O, (2), [{Ru(pap)₂}₂{ON(R)C(O)–C(O)N(R)O}][ClO₄]·H₂O (3) and [{Ru(pap)₂}₂{ON(R)C(O)–Y–C(O)N(R)O}][ClO₄]₂·H₂O, (4), where pap = 2-phenylazopyridine [R = H, Me, or Ph; X = H, Me, Cl, OMe, or NO₂; Y =p-C₆H₄ or (CH₂)₄] are described. The presence of Ru–pap π back bonding and the hydroxamate–hydroximate chelate resonance are demonstrated by i.r. data. All complexes display t2(Ru)&#8594;π*(pap) charge-transfer transitions (900–500 nm). Species (1) show the reversible ruthenium(_III)–ruthenium(_II) couple in acetonitrile [1.03–1.17 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (s.c.e.), cyclic voltammetry]; for (2) the couple shifts to lower potentials by ca. 600 mV. The formal potentials are sensitive to substituents on the ON(R)C(O)C₆H₄X-p and ON=C(O)C₆H₄X-p functions. Complexes (1; R = H) act as monobasic acids (pK 5.76–7.65) and water–dioxane(60:40). In one case the electroprotic equilibrium [Ru(pap)₂L]⁺+ H⁺+ e^–⇌[Ru(pap)₂(HL)]⁺[L = ON=C(O)Ph](E₂₉₈&#952;= 0.88 V) has been identified with the help of variable-pH cyclic voltammetry. The binuclear species in general display two successive ruthenium(III)–ruthenium(II) couples. All complexes show azo-reductions on the negative side of the s.c.e

Manganese(IV) in discrete O<SUB>3</SUB>S<SUB>3</SUB> coordination

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One-electron cyclic voltammetric reduction potentials of some molybdo-oxaziridines

The electrochemistry of [MoO(S₂CNEt₂)₂(ONC₆H₄X-p)](X = CH₃, H, or Cl) has been examined voltammetrically. A one-electron cyclic voltammetric reduction peak (E_pc) observed near –1.2 V (versus a saturated calomel electrode) is assigned to the process Mo^VI,Mo^V. The MoV species is too unstable for electrochemical detection. The E_pc values correlate linearly with Hammett parameters of the substituent X. The reduction peak of [MoO₂(S₂CNEt₂)₂] occurs at –1.03 V. The oxaziridine group is found to be a better donor than the oxo-group

Ruthenium tris chelates with O,S-siderophores: synthesis, oxidation state, and electronic structure

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