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The effects of adding mass to the legs on the energetics and biomechanics of walking.
. Purpose: The metabolic cost of walking increases when mass is added to the legs, but the effects of load magnitude and location on the energetics and biomechanics of walking are unclear. We hypothesized that with leg loading 1) net metabolic rate would be related to the moment of inertia of the leg (I leg ), 2) kinematics would be conserved, except for heavy foot loads, and 3) swing-phase sagittal-plane net muscle moments and swing-phase leg-muscle electromyography (EMG) would increase. Methods: Five adult males walked on a forcemeasuring treadmill at 1.25 mIs j1 with no load and with loads of 2 and 4 kg per foot and shank, 4 and 8 kg per thigh, and 4, 8, and 16 kg on the waist. We recorded metabolic rate and sagittal-plane kinematics and net muscle moments about the hip, knee, and ankle during the single-stance and swing phases, and EMG of key leg muscles. Results: Net metabolic rate during walking increased with load mass and more distal location and was correlated with I leg (r 2 = 0.43). Thigh loading was relatively inexpensive, helping to explain why the metabolic rate during walking is not strongly affected by body mass distribution. Kinematics, single-stance and swing-phase muscle moments, and EMG were similar while walking with no load or with waist, thigh, or shank loads. The increase in net metabolic rate with foot loading was associated with greater EMG of muscles that initiate leg swing and greater swing-phase muscle moments. Conclusions: Distal leg loads increase the metabolic rate required for swinging the leg. The increase in metabolic rate with more proximal loads may be attributable to a combination of supporting (via hip abduction muscles) and propagating the swing leg. Key Words: LOCOMOTION, LEG LOADING, ELECTROMYOGRAPHY, METABOLIC RATE, LOAD CARRIAGE R ecent studies suggest that the primary determinants of the net metabolic rate during walking are performing work to propel the center of mass forward, supporting body weight, and swinging the legs (10-12). Gottschall and Kram (10) estimate that leg swing can account for only about 10% of the net metabolic rate during human walking. Yet, when a modest mass is added to the shank or foot, the metabolic rate during walking increases dramatically (29). A biomechanical explanation for this increase in net metabolic rate during walking has not been clearly established. A better understanding of the relationship between lower-extremity loading and the energetics and biomechanics of walking has practical importance for the study of obesity as well as the design of lower-extremity body armor, prosthetic legs, and powered leg exoskeleton devices. For example, we may gain insight into the effects of increased leg mass, via obesity or body armor, on the net metabolic rate of walking. Also, designers of lowerextremity prosthetic and assistive devices (e.g., powered orthosis) may be able to better estimate how the mass of these devices will affect the energetics and biomechanics of walking. We may also improve our understanding of neuromuscular control strategies that are used during gait. Walking with an external load generally increases metabolic rate. At normal walking speeds, adding a moderate load via a backpack or around the body`s center of mass increases gross metabolic rate in direct proportion to the added mass (i.e., a 20% body weight load results in a 20% increase in metabolic rate) (13). When expressed as net metabolic rate (gross j standing) per kilogram of body mass, the increase is greater than proportional to the load. For example, when walking at 1.5 mIs j1 , Griffin et al. (12) report a 98% increase in net metabolic rate with a load of 50% of body mass. When mass is added to the extremities, metabolic rate increases disproportionately with load and is greater with more distal locations of the load (29). Rose et al. (26) have shown that adding just 2 kg to each foot increased the gross metabolic rate by 30%. Royer and Martin (28) report tha