Incentives (Version 2.0)

Incentives are all forms of monetary or non-monetary encouragement given to potential respondents (Singer, 2002; Singer & Ye, 2013). Non-monetary incentives include vouchers, lottery tickets, vouchers for contributions to charity, stamps, and objects. The monetary value of the incentives used in studies ranges from tiny amounts to several hundred euros in the case of medical studies. Moreover, incentives differ in terms of the way in which they are awarded: Pre-paid incentives are provided in advance, irrespective of whether the recipient participates in the overall gross sample. Conditional incentives are given to respondents after they have participated in the survey. This contribution provides an overview of the current state of theories and empirical findings on the impact on response rates, retention rates and sample quality of giving incentives to respondents

Detailed description of the implementation the multinomial logit model with fixed effects (femlogit)

Fixed effect models have become increasingly popular in the field of sociology. The possibility to control for unobserved heterogeneity makes these models a prime tool for causal analysis. As of today, fixed effects models have been derived and implemented for many statistical software packages for continuous, dichotomous and count-data dependent variables. Chamberlain (1980) derived the multinomial logistic regression with fixed effects. However, this model has not been implemented in any statistical software package, yet. Possible applications would be analyses of effects on employment status with special consideration of part-time or irregular employment, and analyses of the effects on voting behavior, that implicitly control for long-time party identification rather than having to measure it directly. This paper introduces an implementation of this model with the new command femlogit. I show its application with British election panel data and multi-level data about the effect of smoking on pre-term, full term, and post-term birth

The importance of handedness for females: solving visual-spatial problems

It is well established that men tend to perform better than women in tests of spatial ability. The magnitude of these gender differences is usually relatively modest; however tasks involving \u27mental rotation\u27 generate more substantial effects. Mental rotation tests consistently yield the largest effect sizes, of any cognitive or spatial test specifically, for sex differences in performance. Many studies investigating factors such as sociocultural, biological, ratio scoring and instructional manipulation have been conducted in an attempt to account for this difference. However, very few studies have investigated the role of handedness in visual-spatial tasks, especially, in relation to impossible (mirror images) rotations. This study investigated the role handedness plays in females\u27 ability to solve mental rotation tasks, specifically, for left-handed females. Also investigated was the performance of males and females on this visual-spatial task. The results revealed that the scores for left-handed females were not superior to right-handed females; however, a significant result was found for left-handers and ambidextrous females over righthanders on impossible tasks. In addition, males were not found to be superior to females on this visual-spatial task in either scores or reaction times

Implementation of a multinomial logit model with fixed effects

Fixed-effect models have become increasingly popular in the field of sociology. The possibility of controlling for unobserved heterogeneity makes these models a prime tool for causal analysis. As of today, fixed-effects models have been derived and implemented for many statistical software packages for continuous, dichotomous, and count-data dependent variables, but there are still many important and popular statistical models, for which only population-average estimators are available, such as models for multinomial categorical dependent variables. In a seminal paper by Chamberlain (1980) such a model was derived. Possible applications would be analyses of effects on employment status with special consideration of part-time or irregular employment and analyses of the effects on voting behavior that impicitly control for longtime party identification rather than having to measure it directly. This model has not yet been implemented in any statistical software package. In this presentation, I show a first version of an ado-file, that closes this gap. The implementation draws on the native Stata multinomial logit and conditional logit model implementations. The actual ml evaluator utilizes Mata functions to implement the conditional likelihood function. To show the numerical stability and computational speed of the implementation, comparison results with the built-in clogit are shown, as well as some basic results with simulated data.

Tourism in Post-Crisis is Tourism in Pre-Crisis: A Review of the Literature on Crisis Management in Tourism

In the light of the 2006 terrorist bombings in Egypt and Mumbai or in London in July and on Bali in October of the previous year, 'crisis in tourism' appears again to be a timely topic. So, is it then just the frequency of these negative events, which has brought 'crisis' to the front pages and also to the forefront of our minds? As it is not a new phenomenon, has only our perception changed? Tourism seems to be particularly susceptible to negative events and, since there is always a crisis somewhere in the world, the industry appears to be under an almost permanent threat with the certainty of yet another crisis already looming somewhere.A more systematic and conceptional approach to questions such as how tourism businesses react to crisis, which measures are taken and what impact they have, if and how businesses can prepare for such crisis situations and which strategies can be employed to overcome them, has therefore been long overdue. In this context, the paper aims to explore the literature on crisis management in tourism and to identify foci of the current academic discourse

Operationalization of Employment Protection Legislation and Implications for Substantive Results: Example of Perceived Job Insecurity and Temporary Employment Risk

Almost all comparative research on the effects of employment protection legislation of regular employees (EPLR) is based on the index of the OECD. This study argues that this index is methodologically flawed and proposes a new EPLR index, following a theory-driven formative index construction approach. To demonstrate the implications using the OECD EPLR index versus the new index, we use two empirical applications: First, the effects of EPLR on perceived job insecurity, using multi-level models with data from the European Social Survey, the European Working Condition Survey, and the European Quality of Life Survey. Secondly the temporary employment risk for new hires, using multi-level models with data from the European Labour Force Survey. Whereas the results based on the OECD EPLR index significantly deviate from the hypotheses in the literature, the results using the new EPLR index is compliant with the hypotheses in the literature. This demonstrates higher criterion validity of the theory-driven new EPLR index and also calls for replications of previous research that is based on the index of the OECD

The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions after 15 Years

This data brief describes the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). Detailed data on income and taxes are collected, as well as information on material deprivation, labour, housing, childcare, health, access to and use of services, and education. Although primarily a social policy instrument that addresses the information needs of policymakers and is used for social monitoring at the European level, EU-SILC is also closely geared to the needs of researchers and provides an excellent database for evidence-based research on a wide variety of aspects of income, income poverty, material poverty, health, and well-being in Europe. EU-SILC is composed of national probability sample surveys and is conducted annually. The target population comprises private households. Observation units are households and all current household members. EU-SILC provides cross-sectional and longitudinal data. The data are composed of a fixed core module, and annually changing ad-hoc modules. Launched in 2003 and revised with effect from 2021, EU-SILC is currently implemented in all EU Member States and in 11 non-EU countries. During the revision process, many suggestions from the research community were incorporated

Why Panel Surveys (Version 2.0)

This contribution provides an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of panel surveys and of fundamental considerations when deciding for or against a panel design

Policy Networks and Good Governance A Discussion

Policy network research can be divided, broadly, into two schools of thought:the interest intermediation school (policy networks as an analytical tool) and the governance school (policy networks as a form of governance). Both schools have made significant contributions towards raising our awareness about policy networks through the development of concepts, theories and research methods. While acknowledging these achievements contemporary literature suggests that this research has been mainly descriptive, with few primary empirical studies being undertaken in particular to assess the effectiveness of policy networks. This paper reviews briefly the recent literature on policy networks. The literature review reveals that by combining and adapting the most relevant quantitative and qualitative research methods from previous studies, contributions can be made towards developing better standards for evaluating, and developing, the democratic quality of policy networks as a form of (good) governance

What is money in a critical macro-finance framework?

This forum contribution explains how analyzing the creation, distribution, and destruction of contemporary credit money is placed centre stage in the emerging field of critical macro-finance. This approach not only involves traditional forms of money but also ‘shadow money’: private credit instruments which are not regulated as money from a legal standpoint, but in many respects are functionally equivalent to ‘established’ forms of money. To connect different positions in this discourse, we propose three core criteria for defining shadow money as a baseline position for future critical macro-financial research